Mission Overview
================
The Galileo mission utilized a single launch of a combined Orbiter and Probe using the space shuttle Atlantis and an inertial upper stage (IUS) to inject the Galileo spacecraft on its interplanetary trajectory to Jupiter. The launch occurred October 18, 1989. Since the IUS did not have the energy to inject Galileo on a direct trajectory to Jupiter, the spacecraft was launched first towards Venus for the first leg of itsVenus-Earth-Earth gravity assist (VEEGA) trajectory.

Target-of-opportunity science observations were made at Venus (closest approach February 10, 1990), the first Earth encounter (closest approach to Earth and Moon December 8 and 9, 1990), the asteroid Gaspra (closest approach October 29, 1991), the second Earth encounter (closest approach to Earth and Moon December 8, 1992), the asteroid Ida (closest approach August 28, 1993), and distant observations of the impact of comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 intoJupiter's atmosphere from July 16-22, 1994.

The Probe separated from the Orbiter on July 13, 1995. After this time, the Probe proceeded on a ballistic trajectory to its entry point (6.54 deg north latitude, 4.46 west longitude) into the atmosphere of Jupiter. The Orbiter used its 400 Newton engine on July 27, 1995 to perform a deflection maneuver to keep from following the Probe into the atmosphere of Jupiter, and to retarget the Orbiter to the proper encounter conditions requiredfor the Jupiter Orbit Insertion phase of the mission.

A close flyby (892 kilometer altitude) of the Jovian satellite Io occurred at 17:45:58 UT on Dec 7, 1995, during the Jupiter Orbit Insertion phase. This flyby allowed fields and particles science observations to be made and slowed the Orbiter down relative to Jupiter by nearly 200 meters/second in order to reduce the propellant required during the Jupiter Orbit Insertion (JOI). Remote sensing observations of Io were not made at this time due to an anomaly with the onboard tape recorder associated with high speed recording that was not well understood at the time of the flyby. Perijove at 4.00 Jupiter radii occurred at 21:53:44 UT on the same day. A few minutes after perijove passage, the Probe entered the Jovian atmosphere and beganrelaying data back to the Orbiter.

The Probe mission and data relay lasted 58.6 minutes, after which JOI was performed, slowing the Orbiter down relative to Jupiter by about 630 meters/second. The initial orbit period was about 200 days. A large 400 Newton engine burn was performed at the first apojove in order to raise perijove from 4 Jupiter radii to about 9 Jupiter radii, thus allowing the mission to complete 10 targeted satellite encounters without exceeding the allowed total accumulated radiation exposure at the spacecraft. This limit would have been exceeded after three orbits if perijove had been allowed to stay at 4 Jupiter radii, where the radiationenvironment is very severe.

Prime Mission orbital operations consisted of 10 targeted satellite encounters over 24 months. During the course of the satellite tour, the orientation, shape and size of the spacecraft orbits around the Jovian system, referred to as petals because of how the spacecraft orbits appear on an equatorial projection of the Jovian satellite tour trajectory, were controlled almostexclusively by gravity assists of the satellites themselves.
The orbit periods were pumped down by successive encounters with the satellites from the initial 200 days to approximately 35-40 days between encounters. During the 9th orbit, when the orbit petal orientation was approximately in the anti-sun direction, the period was again pumped up to about 100 days which allowed one of the primary objectives, probing the Jovian magnetotail, to be accomplished. After this magnetotail orbit, the period was again pumped down, by gravity assist encounters with the Jovian satellites, to 35-40 days for the final targeted encounters. (Refer to GLLMS1991, GLLSRD1989, andGLLIOM1992).

The Galileo Europa Mission (GEM) was a low cost follow-on to the Galileo Prime Mission that uses the Galileo spacecraft to continue focused studies of the Jovian system. The mission is divided into three main phases or campaigns: Europa Campaign, Perijove Campaign and Io Campaign. Each had a different and very specific scientific focus. Towards the end of the GEM an additional mission extension was proposed to NASA to keep the Galileo spacecraft in operation through the Jupiter flyby of the Cassini spacecraft in December 2000. The orbital tour was extended to prolong the Io phase by 2 orbits and to add another 2 orbits for Galileo andCassini collaborative science.

The Galileo Millennium Mission (GMM) was a follow on to the GEM mission, with a greatly reduced budget. The mission was designed to continue the exploration of Io and the inner Jovian magnetosphere, and to dispose of the spacecraft in an environmentally friendly manner (Jupiter impact). Jupiter impact occurred on September 21, 2003 at approximately 19:07 UTC. The last science packets were received a few hour earlier at14:31:54 UTC.

The Galileo orbits were named by concatenating the first letter of the name of the primary target in each orbit with the orbit number. Thus, the fourth Jupiter orbit, in which Europa is the primary target, is called E4. The project defined orbits according to spacecraft command load boundaries rather than the normal convention of apoapsis to apoapsis. The navigation teamdid not always adhere to this convention, causing some confusion.

The PDS organized the data and data delivery schedule around the project defined orbit boundaries. Table 1 contains informationabout the full Galileo orbital tour.

_______________________________________________________________
Table 1 Orbital Facts_______________________________________________________________
Periapsis Periapsis Satellite Satellite Orbit Range* (Rj) Date/Time Closest Approach Flyby (Rj=71492km) (UT) Date/Time (UT) Alt** (km)_______________________________________________________________
J0 4.00 95-341 21:53:44 95-341 17:45:58 896
G1 11.03 96-180 00:31:26 96-179 06:29:07 838
G2 10.65 96-251 13:37:54 96-250 18:59:34 264
C3 9.21 96-311 13:31:07 96-309 13:34:28 1138
E4 9.16 96-354 03:21:58 96-354 06:52:58 688
J5 9.05 97-020 00:26:57 N/A N/A
E6 9.12 97-051 20:54:15 97-051 17:06:10 582
G7 9.12 97-094 11:03:38 97-095 07:09:58 3104
G8 9.27 97-128 11:41:46 97-127 15:56:10 1606
C9 10.77 97-178 11:52:22 97-176 13:47:50 421
C10 9.17 97-261 23:10:00 97-260 00:18:55 538
E11 8.97 97-311 00:42:01 97-310 20:31:44 2039
E12 8.80 97-350 06:34:53 97-350 12:03:20 201
J13 8.86 98-041 23:09:15 N/A N/A
E14 8.84 98-088 07:59:13 98-088 13:21:05 1644
E15 8.85 98-152 02:34:42 98-151 21:12:57 2514
E16 8.85 98-202 00:17:59 98-202 05:03:45 1834
E17 8.91 98-269 08:26:27 98-269 03:54:20 3582
E18 8.94 98-326 07:30:52 98-326 11:38:26 2271
E19 9.11 99-032 05:02:10 99-032 02:19:50 1439
C20 9.37 99-123 17:00:11 99-125 13:56:18 1321
C21 7.27 99-183 05:04:52 99-181 07:46:50 1048
C22 7.32 99-224 10:58:31 99-226 08:30:52 2299
C23 6.54 99-257 19:57:37 99-259 17:27:02 1052
I24 5.55 99-284 02:02:37 99-284 04:33:03 611
I25 5.7 99-330 02:07:41 99-330 03:59:15 300
E26 5.8 00-004 03:32:58 00-003 17:59:56 360
I27 5.9 00-053 12:30:23 00-053 13:46:36 200
G28 6.7 00-142 04:52:29 00-141 10:10:18 900
G29 7.5 00-364 03:26:31 00-363 08:25:27 2338
C30 7.3 01-143 17:32:51 01-145 11:23:58 138
I31 5.9 01-218 04:52:11 01-218 04:59:21 194
I32 5.8 01-288 23:55:59 01-289 01:23:21 184
I33 5.5 02-017 16:22:31 02-017 14:08:23 100
A34 2.0 02-309 07:23:22 02-309 06:18:26 914
J35 0.9 03-264 18:57 03-264 19:07:00 N/A


* Range is measured from center of mass ** Altitude is computed by subtracting a satellite radius from a measured range. Variations in reported values may be attributed to differences in the radius value subtracted(estimates improve).

The failed deployment of the Galileo High Gain Antenna necessitated fundamental changes in how the spacecraft acquired and transmitted data back to Earth if more than a fraction of the science objectives were to be met. Changes were required to both the spacecraft software (Command Data System (CDS) and Attitude and Articulation Command System (AACS)) and many of the science instruments software. The mission can be described in terms of three distinct sets of flight software (FSW) which are commonly called Phase 0 FSW, Phase 1 FSW, and Phase 2A FSW. The Galileo flight software phases should not be confused with Mission Phaseswhich will be describe later.

Phase 0: Initial spacecraft flight software configuration at launch. Telemetry was sent in a Time-Division-Multiplex (TDM) or Fixed-format mode. The data rates in this phase were designed to be supported by the high gain antenna and had very limited capability to return science data at telemetry rates below 7.68 kbps. The Phase 0 flight software was patched on June 15, 1993 to increase the memory readout block size from 32 bytes to 80bytes.

Phase 1: The Phase 1 flight software consisted of minor modifications of Phase 0 to improve the data return from the Galileo probe. It was loaded onto the spacecraft January 30 through February 12, 1995. The changes provided for: the capability to write edited Probe symbol data and Doppler wind data to the extended memory of the primary onboard computer, new downlink telemetry rates at 8 bps and 16 bps, a new 7.68 kbps Probe data record format, 80 byte memory readouts to decrease data return time, and more robust fault protection during thetime of Relay/JOI.

Phase 2A: The Phase 2 flight software is fundamentally different from the Phase 0 flight software. The purpose of the changes was to utilize the low gain antenna more effectively to return science data. There were two major categories of change: 1) to return data from the tape recorder in a more efficient and autonomous fashion, and 2) to provide a real time capability for the fields and particles science instruments. More than 58% of the onboard computer memory was loaded with new code. The new capabilities included packetized telemetry with advanced Reed-Solomon encoding, 8 downlink rates from 8 to 160 bps, new tape recorder record formats, automated and adaptive playback modes, science data selection, sampling, summation andcompression, and 9 low rate real-time science downlink formats.

Real time editing of optical navigation images was also provided. Eight of the science instruments also developed new flight software in support of the changing spacecraft capabilities in Phase 2. Select science instruments were provided with automated loading of their onboard stored, mode dependent software. While the Phase 2 flight software was intesting, problems were discovered with the tape recorder.

Additional features were added to the flight software to manage the tape recorder to avoid the known failure mechanisms and to avoid unwrapping the tape which had been damaged in the spacecraft anomaly of October 11, 1995. The final flight software delivery which included the tape recorder modifications was called Phase 2A. The Phase 2A flight software was loaded onto the spacecraft from May 18-22, 1996. The instrument Phase 2software loads were completed by May 26, 1996.

Numerous anomalies occurred on the Orbiter during this mission that impacted data return but did not fundamentally change the mission. Some of the science objectives listed below were not achieved as a result of these anomalies. Please check the Galileo Europa Mission instrument host catalog for additionalinformation on spacecraft anomalies.


Mission Phases
==============

LAUNCH AND DEPLOYMENT
---------------------
Galileo was launched on October 18, 1989 at 16:53:39 GMTaboard the Space Shuttle Atlantis (OV-104), flight STS-34.
An Inertial Upper Stage (IUS-19) placed Galileo on its Earth- to-Venus trajectory. Following the IUS burn, Galileo configured itself for solo flight and separated from the IUSon October 19, 1989 at 01:06:53 GMT. (Refer to [GLLMS1991]).
After IUS separation, the spacecraft underwent an outgassing period prior to powering on the science instruments. The instruments were turned on later and data were acquired to verify that each instrument was operational. The commanding of this process was more complicated than most command sequences since the exact launch date and time were not known in advance. The launch and deployment mission phase covers the same time period as was covered by the command sequencesLAUNCH and EV0 (Earth-Venus 0).

Spacecraft Id : GO Target Name : VENUS Mission Phase Start Time : 1989-10-17T00:00:00 Mission Phase Stop Time : 1989-10-26T16:00:00

INTERPLANETARY CRUISE
---------------------
The trajectory of the spacecraft from Earth to Jupiter was dictated by the limited propulsion capability allowed within the Space Shuttle to boost the spacecraft from Earth orbit to an interplanetary trajectory. This limit prevented a direct trajectory from Earth to Jupiter; instead a 'VEEGA' trajectory was used to achieve the energy necessary to send Galileo to Jupiter. The acronym VEEGA is from the trajectory description: Venus-Earth-Earth Gravity Assist. In this trajectory, Galileo passes Venus once, then flies by Earth twice, thus obtaining three gravity assists before heading toward Jupiter. (Refer to [SSR1992].) The Earth-Jupiter Cruise phase includes the following phases: Earth-Venus Cruise, Venus Encounter, Venus-Earth Cruise, Earth1 Encounter, Earth-Earth Cruise, Gaspra Encounter, Earth2 Encounter, Earth-Jupiter Cruise, IdaEncounter, Shoemaker-Levy 9 Encounter, Probe Release.

Spacecraft Id : GO Target Name : JUPITER Target Name : VENUS Target Name : EARTH Target Name : IDA Target Name : GASPRA Target Name : SL9 Mission Phase Start Time : 1989-10-26T16:00:00 Mission Phase Stop Time : 1995-10-09T00:00:00

EARTH-VENUS CRUISE
------------------
The Earth-Venus Cruise phase occurred during the Interplanetary Cruise phase. It lasted from the end of the Launch sequence to February 19, 1990. This phase includedthe encounter with the planet Venus.

Spacecraft Id : GO Target Name : VENUS Mission Phase Start Time : 1989-10-26T16:00:00 Mission Phase Stop Time : 1990-02-19T00:00:00

4-DAY CHECKOUT
--------------
The 4-Day Checkout phase occurred during the Earth-Venus portion of Interplanetary Cruise phase. This was the first time the science instruments were turned on and permitted to check their health after launch. Calibration data exists forall instruments from this period.

Spacecraft Id : GO Target Name : N/A Mission Phase Start Time : 1989-12-27T00:00:00 Mission Phase Stop Time : 1989-12-31T00:00:00

VENUS ENCOUNTER
---------------
The Venus Encounter phase occurred during the Interplanetary Cruise phase. A 12-day single load sequence provided the sequencing resources for the Venus encounter. Most of the data gathered were put onto the onboard tape recorder, since the high gain antenna had to remain furled behind its sunshade during this near-sun activity, and the low gain antenna did not have the performance for real-time science data transmission to Earth during the Venus encounter. The Venus encounter data were played back to Earth in November 1990, when Galileo was close enough to Earth that sciencedata rates could be achieved over the low gain antenna.
Upstream energetic particles were detected, bowshock crossings were indicated, and the plasma wave instrument saw evidence of lightning discharges. Eighty-one images by the Solid State Imaging experiment were taken, which proved useful in atmospheric motion studies. In addition, the Venus encounter yielded radio tracking data which have been analyzed by the Radio Science (Celestial Mechanics) Team to obtain a mass estimate for Venus. In contrast to the other experiments, the Radio Science data were not stored on the spacecraft recorder, but were available in real time on Earth for analysis. (Refer to [GLLMS1991]). Closest approach toVenus occurred February 10, 1990 at an altitude of 16,123 km.
at 05:58:48 UTC.

Spacecraft Id : GO Target Name : VENUS Time of closest approach : 1990-02-10T05:58:48 Mission Phase Start Time : 1990-02-07T00:00:00 Mission Phase Stop Time : 1990-02-19T00:00:00

VENUS-EARTH CRUISE
------------------
The Venus-Earth Cruise phase occurred during the Interplanetary Cruise phase. It included the interplanetary cruise from Venus, around the sun, and back to and past theEarth. This phase also included the first Earth encounter.
The primary science gathering during this period was performed through EUV, DDS, MAG and the USO Redshift experiments. In November 1990, as the spacecraft approached the first Earth encounter, the three DMS tracks of Venus datawere successfully played back.

The High-Gain Antenna Deployment planned for April 11, 1991 was unsuccessful, most likely due to an incomplete release of three HGA ribs. Future attempts for rib release were thenscheduled for Earth-Earth Cruise.

Spacecraft Id : GO Target Name : EARTH Target Name : MOON Mission Phase Start Time : 1990-02-19T00:00:00 Mission Phase Stop Time : 1991-04-29T00:00:00

EARTH1 ENCOUNTER
----------------
The first Earth gravity assist occurred on December 8, 1990 at a flyby altitude of 960 km at 20:34:35 UTC. The Moon encounter occurred on December 9, 1990 at a flyby altitude of346,608 km at 2:28:21 UTC.

The spacecraft trajectory took Galileo virtually up the Earth's magnetotail, providing unprecedented opportunity for fields and particles measurements. The plasma science experiment results brought into question the validity of the previous assumption that the bulk flows of the ion andelectron plasmas in the distant magnetotail are identical.
Spectral mapping observations of Australia and Antarctica were made by the near infrared mapping spectrometer. A first ever time-lapse movie, in six colors, of the rotating Earth over a period slightly greater than one day was made by the Solid State Imaging experiment. Multispectral imaging of the western nearside and eastern farside of the Moon were obtained by the SSI. These data showed that Orientale Basin ejecta deposits are similar to typical highlands deposits such as the soils at the Apollo 16 site, while observations of the South Pole-Aitken basin interior contain characteristics that appear distinctively different from that of nearside maria, thus providing new information on maredeposits on the limb and farside of the Moon.

Spacecraft Id : GO Target Name : EARTH Time of closest approach : 1990-12-08T20:34:35 Target Name : MOON Time of closest approach : 1990-12-09T02:28:21 Mission Phase Start Time : 1990-11-08T00:00:00 Mission Phase Stop Time : 1990-12-16T00:00:00

EARTH-EARTH CRUISE
------------------
The Earth-Earth cruise phase occurred during the Interplanetary Cruise phase. It included the interplanetary cruise from Earth, around the sun, and back to and past the Earth a second time. Key activities included the on-going HGA Recovery effort, which proved unsuccessful, encounters with the asteroid Gaspra as well as with Earth, collection of cruise science data, SSI cover and EPD shade deployments and opportunities for radio science experiments at spacecraftconjunction and opposition.

Spacecraft Id : GO Target Name : EARTH Target Name : MOON Target Name : GASPRA Mission Phase Start Time : 1991-04-29T00:00:00 Mission Phase Stop Time : 1993-04-12T00:00:00

GASPRA ENCOUNTER
----------------
The Gaspra Encounter phase occurred during the Interplanetary Cruise phase and the Earth-Earth Cruise phase. On 29 October 1991 Galileo passed Gaspra at a distance of approximately1,600 km and a speed of approximately 30,000 km per hour.
Color and black and white images were taken of Gaspra as well as measurements to indicate composition and physical properties. The data were stored on the spacecraft taperecorder and later played back to Earth.

Spacecraft Id : GO Target Name : GASPRA Time of closest approach : 1991-10-29T22:36:46

EARTH2 ENCOUNTER
----------------
The Earth2 Encounter phase occurred during the Interplanetary Cruise phase and the Earth-Earth Cruise phase. The second Earth encounter provided an opportunity to gather Earth andLunar science and perform instrument calibrations.
Additionally, during this period Galileo participated in the GOPEX deep space laser communication experiment. The flyby altitude of Moon was 110,267 km on December 8, 1990 at 3:57:45 UTC. The flyby altitude of the Earth wasapproximately 304 km at 15:09:25 UTC.

Spacecraft Id : GO Target Name : EARTH Time of closest approach : 1992-12-08T15:09:25 Target Name : MOON Time of closest approach : 1992-12-08T03:57:45 Mission Phase Start Time : 1992-11-08T00:00:00 Mission Phase Stop Time : 1992-12-20T00:00:00

EARTH-JUPITER CRUISE
--------------------
The Earth-Jupiter Cruise phase occurred during the Interplanetary Cruise phase. It covered the period from April 12, 1993 to October 8, 1995. The second Earth encounter places the spacecraft on a direct trajectory to Jupiter. Again, the spacecraft passed through the Asteroid Belt. This transit included an August 1993 encounter with the 32-km.-diameter, S-type, main-belt asteroid, Ida. The Earth-Jupiter Cruise phase included the following phases: IdaEncounter, Shoemaker-Levy 9 Encounter, Probe Release and ODM.

Spacecraft Id : GO Target Name : JUPITER Target Name : IDA Target Name : SL9 Mission Phase Start Time : 1993-04-12T00:00:00 Mission Phase Stop Time : 1995-10-09T00:00:00

IDA ENCOUNTER
-------------
The Ida Encounter phase occurred during the Interplanetary Cruise phase and the Earth-Jupiter Cruise phase. Galileo flew by Ida in the southern hemisphere (75 degrees south ecliptic latitude) on the asteroid's dark side, passing approximately 2400 km (1500 mi) from the center of the asteroid while traveling at a speed relative to the asteroid of 12.4 km/sec (27,700 mph). During closest approach, Ida appeared from Earth to be located at Right Ascension: 196.7 degrees; Declination: -8.0 degrees toward the constellation Virgo. Ida is 3-4 degrees northwest of Spica, Virgo'sbrightest star.

Spacecraft Id : GO Target Name : IDA Time of closest approach : 1993-08-28T16:52:05

SHOEMAKER-LEVY 9 ENCOUNTER
--------------------------
The Shoemaker-Levy 9 Encounter phase occurred during the Interplanetary Cruise phase and the Earth-Jupiter Cruise phase. Shoemaker-Levy 9 was a comet that broke into multiple pieces during its passage by Jupiter in July 1992. On July 16,1994 these fragments began to impact Jupiter. It isestimated that between 20 and 25 struck the planet.
Observations were made by the following instruments: NIMS, SSI, PPR, PWS, UVS (there was no EUV data). MAG and DDSconducted observations over a longer period of time.

Spacecraft Id : GO Target Name : SL9 Mission Phase Start Time : 1994-07-16T00:00:00 Mission Phase Stop Time : 1994-07-22T00:00:00

PROBE RELEASE AND ODM
---------------------
The Probe Release Encounter phase occurred during the Interplanetary Cruise phase and the Earth-Jupiter Cruise phase. The Probe was released on July 13, 1995 at 05:30:00 UTC, which was ~150 days before Jupiter Orbit Insertion (JOI). Fourteen days after release, July 27th, the Orbiter performed an Orbit Deflection Maneuver (ODM) of about 60 m/sec to place it on a trajectory which overflew the Probe during its entry and descent. The ODM was the first use ofthe 400 N engine.

Spacecraft Id : GP Spacecraft Id : GO Target Name : JUPITER Mission Phase Start Time : 1995-07-05T00:00:00 Mission Phase Stop Time : 1995-07-31T00:00:00

JUPITER ORBIT OPERATIONS
------------------------
The Jupiter Orbit Operations phase encompasses all mission phases where the spacecraft was acquiring Jupiter science data. It includes all of the Jupiter approach, Prime mission, GEM mission,and GMM mission phases through impact on September 19, 2003.

Spacecraft Id : GO Target Name : JUPITER Target Name : AMALTHEA Target Name : IO Target Name : CALLISTO Target Name : GANYMEDE Target Name : EUROPA Mission Phase Start Time : 1995-10-09T00:00:00 Mission Phase Stop Time : 2003-09-21T19:07:00

PRIME MISSION ORBIT OPERATIONS
------------------------------
Jupiter arrival occurred on December 7, 1995. Arrival day at Jupiter was characterized by a rapid series of high-priority engineering and science events. Much of the science that was unique to this orbit (science requiring remote sensing data)was lost due to an anomaly with the onboard tape recorder.
No science data were acquired during the 32,000 km non-targeted encounter of Europa. About 4 1/2 hours after the Europa fly-by, the spacecraft then flew within about 1000 km of Io. Fields and particles data were recorded for approximately 3 hours in the vicinity of Io. The flyby was also designed to provide a gravity assist which reduced thedelta-V necessary to achieve orbit around Jupiter.

The probe entry occurred a little over 4 hours after the Io encounter. During the descent of the Probe its data were relayed to the Orbiter. Probe Relay lasted 58.6 minutes and was followed about one hour later by the JOI burn. Probe data were played back from the tape recorder on the orbiter twice over the next several months to ensure that no Probe data were lost. Another hour of fields and particles science data were recorded after probe relay in conjunction with theJOI maneuver.

At apojove of the insertion orbit, a large Perijove Raise Maneuver (PJR) increased the perijove altitude of the orbit and targeted the spacecraft for its first encounter. After this time, the trajectory was primarily shaped by close encounters with Ganymede, Callisto, and Europa. Ten such close encounters, one per orbit, plus a one-month 'phasing orbit' which occurred between the Europa 4 encounter and the Europa 6 encounter were planned over the 24 months of the orbital mission. There was no targeted encounter during the phasing orbit. There were several non-targeted encounters (at ranges of tens to hundreds of thousands of kilometers) of the Galilean satellites, Jovian atmospheric and magnetospheric measurements throughout the tour, and a large 'tail petal' orbit designed to explore the Jovianmagnetotail.

Spacecraft Id : GO Target Name : JUPITER Target Name : IO Target Name : CALLISTO Target Name : GANYMEDE Target Name : EUROPA Mission Phase Start Time : 1995-10-09T00:00:00 Mission Phase Stop Time : 1997-12-15T00:00:00

JUPITER APPROACH
----------------
The Jupiter Approach phase occurred during the Jupiter Orbit Operations phase. An image of Jupiter was taken on approach; however, shortly afterwards there was an anomaly with the onboard tape recorder which prohibited the return of that image. The only science data acquired on approach was fromDDS, EUV and MAG.

Spacecraft Id : GO Target Name : JUPITER Mission Phase Start Time : 1995-10-09T00:00:00 Mission Phase Stop Time : 1995-12-03T00:00:00

JUPITER 0 ORBIT
---------------
The Jupiter 0 Orbit phase occurred during the Jupiter Orbit Operations phase. Jupiter arrival occurred on December 7, 1995. Arrival day at Jupiter was characterized by a rapid series of high-priority engineering and science events. Much of the science that was unique to this orbit (science requiring remote sensing data) was lost due to an anomaly with the onboard tape recorder. No science data were acquired during the 32,000 km non-targeted encounter of Europa. About 4 1/2 hours after the Europa fly-by, the spacecraft then flew within about 1000 km of Io. Fields and particles data were recorded for approximately 3 hours in the vicinity of Io. The flyby was also designed to provide a gravity assist which reduced the delta-V necessary to achieveorbit around Jupiter.

The probe entry occurred a little over 4 hours after the Io encounter. During the descent of the Probe its data were relayed to the Orbiter. Probe Relay lasted 58.6 minutes and was followed about one hour later by the JOI burn. Probe data were played back from the tape recorder on the orbiter twice over the next several months to ensure that no Probe data were lost. Another hour of fields and particles science data were recorded after probe relay in conjunction with theJOI maneuver.

At apojove of the insertion orbit, a large Perijove Raise Maneuver (PJR) increased the perijove altitude of the orbitand targeted the spacecraft for its first encounter.

Spacecraft Id : GO Target Name : JUPITER Target Name : IO Mission Phase Start Time : 1995-12-03T00:00:00 Mission Phase Stop Time : 1996-06-23T00:00:00

IO 0 ENCOUNTER
--------------
The Io 0 encounter phase occurred during the Jupiter 0 Orbit operations phase. The spacecraft flew past Io at an altitude of less than 900 km. Much of the science that was unique to this orbit (science requiring remote sensing data) was lost due to an anomaly with the onboard tape recorder. This was the only close flyby of Io during the mission. Fields and particles data were recorded for approximately 3 hours in the vicinity of Io. Another hour of fields and particles science data were recorded after probe relay while still in the Io torus. In addition to providing science data, the flyby was designed to provide a gravity assist which reduced thedelta-V necessary to achieve orbit around Jupiter.

Spacecraft Id : GO Target Name : IO Time of closest approach : 1995-12-07T17:45:58 Mission Phase Start Time : 1995-12-03T00:00:00 Mission Phase Stop Time : 1996-01-03T00:00:00

PROBE
-----
The Probe phase occurred during the Jupiter Orbit Operations phase. The probe entry occurred a little over 4 hours after the Io encounter. During the descent of the Probe its data were relayed to the Orbiter where is was stored on tape. The data were later replayed and transmitted to Earth. The Probe Relay lasted 58.6 minutes and was followed about one hour later by the JOI burn. For a more complete description ofthe Galileo Probe mission, please refer to [YOUNGETAL1996].

Spacecraft Id : GP Spacecraft Id : GO Target Name : JUPITER Mission Phase Start Time : 1995-12-07T22:01:00 Mission Phase Stop Time : 1995-12-07T23:22:00

GANYMEDE 1 ORBIT
----------------
Spacecraft Id : GO Target Name : GANYMEDE Mission Phase Start Time : 1996-06-23T00:00:00 Mission Phase Stop Time : 1996-09-01T00:00:00

GANYMEDE 1 ENCOUNTER
--------------------
Objectives: Wake, Alfven Wing, start of first magnetospheric mini-tour, remote Io torus observations, plasma sheet crossing at 25 Rj, Ganymede and Europa geology and atmospheric properties, Io monitoring, distant Callisto observations, gravity, Great Red Spot, Jupiter northern andsouthern aurora, Io footprint, reduce period.
Altitude: 838 km, Latitude: 30.39 degrees
Spacecraft Id : GO Target Name : GANYMEDE Time of closest approach : 1996-06-27T06:29:07 Mission Phase Start Time : 1996-06-23T00:00:00 Mission Phase Stop Time : 1996-06-30T00:00:00

GANYMEDE 2 ORBIT
----------------
Spacecraft Id : GO Target Name : GANYMEDE Mission Phase Start Time : 1996-09-01T00:00:00 Mission Phase Stop Time : 1996-11-02T00:00:00

GANYMEDE 2 ENCOUNTER
--------------------
Objectives: North Alfven wing, Jovian radio emissions, first mini-tour of Jovian magnetosphere continues, remote Io torus, plasma sheet crossing at 40 Rj, unique Ganymede north polar pass, Europa low- phase global images, Io monitoring, Callisto, Amalthea, stratospheric circulation, Jupiter southern aurora, Shoemaker-Levy 9 remnant material images,gravity, reduce inclination.
Altitude: 264 km, Latitude: 79.29 degrees
Spacecraft Id : GO Target Name : GANYMEDE Time of closest approach : 1996-09-06T18:59:34 Mission Phase Start Time : 1996-09-01T00:00:00 Mission Phase Stop Time : 1996-09-08T00:00:00

CALLISTO 3 ORBIT
----------------
Spacecraft Id : GO Target Name : CALLISTO Mission Phase Start Time : 1996-11-02T00:00:00 Mission Phase Stop Time : 1996-12-15T00:00:00

CALLISTO 3 ENCOUNTER
--------------------
Objectives: Wake and Alfven Wing, completion of first mini-tour of Jovian magnetosphere, Jupiter aurora, remote Io torus, Callisto Asgard Basin, Europa non-targeted encounter - volcanism observations, closest Io approach of tour, gravity, UVS counter-rotate, white oval observations, Jupiter northernaurora, Jupiter atmosphere during solar occultation.
Altitude: 1138 km, Latitude: 13.19 degrees
Spacecraft Id : GO Target Name : CALLISTO Time of closest approach : 1996-11-04T13:34:28 Mission Phase Start Time : 1996-11-02T00:00:00 Mission Phase Stop Time : 1996-11-11T00:00:00

EUROPA 4 ORBIT
--------------
Spacecraft Id : GO Target Name : EUROPA Mission Phase Start Time : 1996-12-15T00:00:00 Mission Phase Stop Time : 1997-02-16T00:00:00

EUROPA 4 ENCOUNTER
------------------
Objectives: Wake and northern Alfven wing, north to south plasma sheet crossing, remote Io torus, excellent Europa dayside and nightside coverage, Io partial eclipse, Jupiter rings, Amalthea, Thebe, Adrastea, northern equatorial belt hot spot, Europa & Jupiter occultations, Jupiter northernaurora.
Altitude: 688 km, Latitude: -1.65 degrees
Spacecraft Id : GO Target Name : EUROPA Time of closest approach : 1996-12-19T06:52:58 Mission Phase Start Time : 1996-12-15T00:00:00 Mission Phase Stop Time : 1996-12-22T00:00:00

EUROPA 6 ORBIT
--------------
Spacecraft Id : GO Target Name : EUROPA Mission Phase Start Time : 1997-02-16T00:00:00 Mission Phase Stop Time : 1997-03-30T00:00:00

EUROPA 6 ENCOUNTER
------------------
Objectives: South Alfven wing, Jupiter magnetic equator crossing, Europa Argiope Linea and other lineated regions, Io plume monitoring, Jupiter rings, Thebe, Amalthea, south equatorial belt-zone region, Jupiter northern aurora, Europa,Io, and Jupiter occultations.
Altitude: 582 km, Latitude: -17.02 degrees
Spacecraft Id : GO Target Name : EUROPA Time of closest approach : 1997-02-20T17:06:10 Mission Phase Start Time : 1997-02-16T00:00:00 Mission Phase Stop Time : 1997-02-23T00:00:00

GANYMEDE 7 ORBIT
----------------
Spacecraft Id : GO Target Name : GANYMEDE Mission Phase Start Time : 1997-03-30T00:00:00 Mission Phase Stop Time : 1997-05-04T00:00:00

GANYMEDE 7 ENCOUNTER
--------------------
Objectives: North Alfven Wing, first dawn-side plasma sheet at 46 Rj, start of second mini-tour of Jovian magnetosphere, Ganymede high-energy impact regions (Kittu, etc.), Europa non-targeted encounter, Callisto full-color mosaic, visuallyclear or Brown Barge regions, Jupiter northern aurora.
Altitude: 3104 km, Latitude: 55.80 degrees
Spacecraft Id : GO Target Name : GANYMEDE Time of closest approach : 1997-04-05T07:09:58 Mission Phase Start Time : 1997-03-30T00:00:00 Mission Phase Stop Time : 1997-04-06T00:00:00

GANYMEDE 8 ORBIT
----------------
Spacecraft Id : GO Target Name : GANYMEDE Mission Phase Start Time : 1997-05-04T00:00:00 Mission Phase Stop Time : 1997-06-22T00:00:00

GANYMEDE 8 ENCOUNTER
--------------------
Objectives: Upstream wake crossing, continue second mini-tour of Jovian magnetosphere, plasma sheet/Jupiter aurora at 20 Rj, Ganymede surface morphology: Osiris, Tiamat Sulcus, etc., Callisto non-targeted encounter south pole, Metis, Elara, south polar haze zone, Jupiter northern and southern aurora,Io footprint, Ganymede & Jupiter occultations.
Altitude: 1606 km, Latitude: 28.27 degrees
Spacecraft Id : GO Target Name : GANYMEDE Time of closest approach : 1997-05-07T15:56:10 Mission Phase Start Time : 1997-05-04T00:00:00 Mission Phase Stop Time : 1997-05-11T00:00:00

CALLISTO 9 ORBIT
----------------
Spacecraft Id : GO Target Name : CALLISTO Mission Phase Start Time : 1997-06-22T00:00:00 Mission Phase Stop Time : 1997-09-14T00:00:00

CALLISTO 9 ENCOUNTER
--------------------
Objectives: Unique deep magnetotail passage of 143 Rj, continue second mini-tour of Jovian magnetosphere, Jupiter aurora, Callisto Valhalla multi-ringed structure, Ganymede non-targeted encounter, Metis, Adrastea, Amalthea, Thebe, Great Red Spot, equatorial plume head, Io footprint, high solar phase angle of Jovian atmosphere, Callisto & Jupiteroccultations.
Altitude: 421 km, Latitude: 1.96 degrees
Spacecraft Id : GO Target Name : CALLISTO Time of closest approach : 1997-06-25T13:47:50 Mission Phase Start Time : 1997-06-22T00:00:00 Mission Phase Stop Time : 1997-06-29T00:00:00

CALLISTO 10 ORBIT
-----------------
Spacecraft Id : GO Target Name : CALLISTO Mission Phase Start Time : 1997-09-14T00:00:00 Mission Phase Stop Time : 1997-11-02T00:00:00

CALLISTO 10 ENCOUNTER
---------------------
Objectives: Wake and Alfven Wing, continue second mini-tour of Jovian magnetosphere, Jupiter magnetic equator crossing, Callisto global and bright limb observations, Io aurora and Jupiter rings during solar occultation, Europa volcanism survey, Amalthea, Thebe, Adrastea, Metis, north polar haze region, Jupiter aurora and lightning during solaroccultation.
Altitude: 538 km, Latitude: 4.60 degrees
Spacecraft Id : GO Target Name : CALLISTO Time of closest approach : 1997-09-17T00:18:55 Mission Phase Start Time : 1997-09-14T00:00:00 Mission Phase Stop Time : 1997-09-20T00:00:00

EUROPA 11 ORBIT
---------------
Spacecraft Id : GO Target Name : EUROPA Mission Phase Start Time : 1997-11-02T00:00:00 Mission Phase Stop Time : 1997-12-15T00:00:00

EUROPA 11 ENCOUNTER
-------------------
Objectives: Combined Europa fly-by and magnetic equator crossing for fields & particles instruments, end of second mini-tour of Jovian magnetosphere, Jupiter auroral map campaign, Brown Barge campaign, northern aurora oval, lightning detection campaign, ring observations, Io monitoring, Europa Pwyll, Mannann'an wedge and bright planes,Earth occultation.
Altitude: 2039 km, Latitude: 25.73 degrees N
Spacecraft Id : GO Target Name : EUROPA Time of closest approach : 1997-11-06T20:31:44 Mission Phase Start Time : 1997-11-02T00:00:00 Mission Phase Stop Time : 1997-11-09T00:00:00


EUROPA CAMPAIGN
---------------

The Europa campaign was comprised of eight (E12-E19) close fly-bys ranging in flyby altitudes from 200 to 3600 km. The latitudes achieved during these flybys range from -43 degrees to +42 degrees. Extensive remote sensing and fields and particles science data gathering was attempted at each of these encounters except for E13 which was too close to solar conjunction. E13 flyby science was limited to the collection of geophysical data via the radio system (Doppler). E13 cruise was used for E12 data playback during those during those periods where the Sun-Earth- Craft (SEC) angle is greater than 7 degrees. Spacecraft safings in the E16 and E18 orbits severly compromised the planned science return from those orbits. After the spacecraft was reconfigured from safing the remainder of the orbits were used to return data not played back from the preceding orbit and to acquire fields & particles real time science data. The primary science objectivein the Europa phase was the return of unique Europa data.
However, Jupiter atmospheric observations were added to twoorbits.

Spacecraft Id : GO Target Name : EUROPA Mission Phase Start Time : 1997-12-15T00:00:00 Mission Phase Stop Time : 1999-05-02T00:00:00 Spacecraft Operations Type : ORBITER

EUROPA 12 ORBIT
---------------
Spacecraft Id : GO Target Name : EUROPA Mission Phase Start Time : 1997-12-15T00:00:00 Mission Phase Stop Time : 1998-02-09T00:00:00

EUROPA 12 ENCOUNTER
-------------------
Objectives: Europa's Pwyll crater, Conamara Chaos, search for hot spots and tenuous atmosphere, surface composition maps, mottled wedges terrain, dark lineas, plateaus,satellite/magnetosphere interaction, gravity field measurement.
Closest Galileo flyby to any celestial body. Jupiter's upper atmosphere energy budget and longitudinal spectral scans. Ioeclipse, Ganymede Gilgamesh basin. Inner magnetosphere survey.
Altitude: 201.0 km, Latitude: -8.66 degrees
Spacecraft Id : GO Target Name : EUROPA Time of closest approach : 1997-12-16T12:03:20 Mission Phase Start Time : 1997-12-15T00:00:00 Mission Phase Stop Time : 1997-12-17T00:00:00

EUROPA 13 ORBIT
---------------
Spacecraft Id : GO Target Name : EUROPA Mission Phase Start Time : 1998-02-09T00:00:00 Mission Phase Stop Time : 1998-03-28T00:00:00

EUROPA 14 ORBIT
---------------
Spacecraft Id : GO Target Name : EUROPA Mission Phase Start Time : 1998-03-28T00:00:00 Mission Phase Stop Time : 1998-05-30T00:00:00

EUROPA 14 ENCOUNTER
-------------------
Objectives: Europa's Mannann'an crater, Tyre macula, triple bands, dark spots, bright plains, day and night thermal maps, surface composition maps, search for tenuous atmosphere,satellite/magnetosphere interaction, gravity field measurement.
Jupiter's north polar aurora and longitudinal spectral scans.
Io full disk, north and south pole, eclipse, and torus.
Ganymede global coverage. Callisto surface composition map.
Inner magnetosphere survey.
Altitude: 1644.1 km, Latitude: 12.21 degrees
Spacecraft Id : GO Target Name : EUROPA Time of closest approach : 1998-03-29T13:21:05 Mission Phase Start Time : 1998-03-28T00:00:00 Mission Phase Stop Time : 1998-03-31T00:00:00

EUROPA 15 ORBIT
---------------
Spacecraft Id : GO Target Name : EUROPA Mission Phase Start Time : 1998-05-30T00:00:00 Mission Phase Stop Time : 1998-07-20T00:00:00

EUROPA 15 ENCOUNTER
-------------------
Objectives: Europa's Cilix masif, rough terrain, near terminator, day and night thermal maps, surface composition maps, search for tenuous atmosphere, satellite/magnetosphere interaction, gravity field measurement. Jupiter's upper atmosphere energy budget, and longitudinal spectral scans. Io surface monitoring, Kanehekili plume, high-solar phase map, eclipse, torus, surface composition,tenuous atmosphere. Inner magnetosphere survey.
Altitude: 2514.5 km, Latitude: 15.00 degrees
Spacecraft Id : GO Target Name : EUROPA Time of closest approach : 1998-05-31T21:12:57 Mission Phase Start Time : 1998-05-30T00:00:00 Mission Phase Stop Time : 1998-06-03T00:00:00

EUROPA 16 ORBIT
---------------
Spacecraft Id : GO Target Name : EUROPA Mission Phase Start Time : 1998-07-20T00:00:00 Mission Phase Stop Time : 1998-09-25T00:00:00

EUROPA 16 ENCOUNTER
-------------------
Objectives: Europa's Agenor linea, Thrace macula, Taliesen crater, dissected terrain, wedges, near-terminator, day and night thermal maps, surface composition maps, satellite/magnetosphere interaction, gravity field measurement.
Jupiter cloud structure, atmospheric dynamics and waves, upper atmosphere energy budget, hot maps, longitudinal spectral scans. Io monitoring and torus. Ganymedecomposition map. Inner magnetosphere survey.
Altitude: 1834.2 km, Latitude: -25.65 degrees
Spacecraft Id : GO Target Name : EUROPA Time of closest approach : 1998-07-21T05:03:45 Mission Phase Start Time : 1998-07-20T00:00:00 Mission Phase Stop Time : 1998-07-29T00:00:00

EUROPA 17 ORBIT
---------------
Spacecraft Id : GO Target Name : EUROPA Mission Phase Start Time : 1998-09-25T00:00:00 Mission Phase Stop Time : 1998-11-21T00:00:00

EUROPA 17 ENCOUNTER
-------------------
Objectives: Europa's Thynia linea, south pole, strike-slip faults, near terminator, day and night thermal maps, surface composition maps, tenuous atmosphere, gravity field measurement. Jupiter ring observations, south pole aurora, longitudinal spectral scans, merging white oval, and wavestructure. Io torus and Pele. Inner magnetosphere survey.
Altitude: 3582.4 km, Latitude: -42.43 degrees
Spacecraft Id : GO Target Name : EUROPA Time of closest approach : 1998-09-26T03:54:20 Mission Phase Start Time : 1998-09-25T00:00:00 Mission Phase Stop Time : 1998-09-28T00:00:00
EUROPA 18 ORBIT
---------------
Spacecraft Id : GO Target Name : EUROPA Mission Phase Start Time : 1998-11-21T00:00:00 Mission Phase Stop Time : 1999-01-31T00:00:00

EUROPA 18 ENCOUNTER
-------------------
Objectives: Europa's Radamanthys, south pole plains, north pole pits and plateaus, massifs, bright and dark plains, global and regional polarimetry maps, surface compositionmaps, tenuous atmosphere, gravity field measurement.
Jupiter upper atmosphere energy budget and longitudinal spectralscans. Io surface monitoring, polarimetry and torus.
Ganymede polarimetry. Inner magnetosphere survey includingextended dusk side measurements.
Altitude: 2270.8 km, Latitude: 41.34 degrees
Spacecraft Id : GO Target Name : EUROPA Time of closest approach : 1998-11-22T11:38:26 Mission Phase Start Time : 1998-11-21T00:00:00 Mission Phase Stop Time : 1999-11-24T00:00:00

EUROPA 19 ORBIT
---------------
Spacecraft Id : GO Target Name : EUROPA Mission Phase Start Time : 1999-01-31T00:00:00 Mission Phase Stop Time : 1999-05-02T00:00:00

EUROPA 19 ENCOUNTER
-------------------
Objectives: Europa plume search, hexagonal ice terrain, near terminator, dark spots, mottled terrain, bright plains, global and regional polarimetry maps, surface composition maps, tenuous atmosphere, satellite/magnetosphere interaction, gravity field measurement. Jupiter cloud structure and dynamics, stratosphere, upper atmosphere/aurora energybudget, hot maps, longitudinal spectral scans.
Io polarimetry and torus. Ganymede polarimetry.
Inner magnetosphere survey.
Altitude: 1439.4 km, Latitude: 30.52 degrees
Spacecraft Id : GO Target Name : EUROPA Time of closest approach : 1999-02-01T02:19:50 Mission Phase Start Time : 1999-01-31T00:00:00 Mission Phase Stop Time : 1999-02-11T00:00:00

PERIJOVE REDUCTION CAMPAIGN
---------------------------

The perijove reduction campaign was comprised of four low altitude flybys of Callisto (C20-C23). During this campaign, the spacecraft perijove is reduced from 9.4 Rj (before C20) to 5.5 Rj (after C23), which sets up the spacecraft trajectory for the subsequent encounters with Io at 5.9 Rj. The primary science objectives for this phase were in-situ studies of thetorus and selected atmospheric observation.

Spacecraft Id : GO Target Name : TORUS Mission Phase Start Time : 1999-05-02T00:00:00 Mission Phase Stop Time : 1999-10-10T00:00:00 Spacecraft Operations Type : ORBITER

CALLISTO 20 ORBIT
-----------------
Spacecraft Id : GO Target Name : CALLISTO Mission Phase Start Time : 1999-05-02T00:00:00 Mission Phase Stop Time : 1999-06-29T00:00:00

CALLISTO 20 ENCOUNTER
---------------------
Objectives: 2 hr perijove sample (plasma transport mechanisms),inner magnetosphere survey including dusk region, Io torus.
Jupiter cloud structure and dynamics, atmospheric wave structure, stratosphere composition, upper atmosphere andaurora energy budgets, hot maps, longitudinal spectral scans.
Callisto composition, crater statistics, dark flows, radioscience Earth occultation. Io monitoring and composition.
Europa eclipse.
Altitude: 1321.4 km, Latitude: 2.78 degrees
Spacecraft Id : GO Target Name : CALLISTO Time of closest approach : 1999-05-05T13:56:18 Mission Phase Start Time : 1999-05-02T00:00:00 Mission Phase Stop Time : 1999-05-07T00:00:00

CALLISTO 21 ORBIT
-----------------
Spacecraft Id : GO Target Name : CALLISTO Mission Phase Start Time : 1999-06-29T00:00:00 Mission Phase Stop Time : 1999-08-11T00:00:00

CALLISTO 21 ENCOUNTER
---------------------
Objectives: 2 hour perijove sample (plasma transport mechanisms),inner magnetosphere survey. Jupiter longitudinal spectral scans.
Callisto dark material, ring structures, thermal maps, and surface composition. Io global composition, thermal andvisual maps, and plume inventory.
Altitude: 421 km, Latitude: 1.96 degrees
Spacecraft Id : GO Target Name : CALLISTO Time of closest approach : 1999-06-30T07:46:50 Mission Phase Start Time : 1999-06-29T00:00:00 Mission Phase Stop Time : 1999-07-03T00:00:00

CALLISTO 22 ORBIT
-----------------
Spacecraft Id : GO Target Name : CALLISTO Mission Phase Start Time : 1999-08-11T00:00:00 Mission Phase Stop Time : 1999-09-13T00:00:00

CALLISTO 22 ENCOUNTER
---------------------
Objectives: 6 hr perijove sample (plasma transport), chorus wave samples (plasma acceleration), inner magnetosphere survey, Io torus. Jupiter cloud structure and dynamics, regional maps, stratosphere composition, aurora energy budgets, hot maps, and longitudinal spectral scans. Callisto radio science Earthoccultation. Io plume inventory. Europa distant global.
Amalthea best resolution of Galileo mission.
Altitude: 2299.3 km, Latitude: -2.3 degrees
Spacecraft Id : GO Target Name : CALLISTO Time of closest approach : 1999-08-14T08:30:52 Mission Phase Start Time : 1999-08-11T00:00:00 Mission Phase Stop Time : 1999-08-14T00:00:00

CALLISTO 23 ORBIT
-----------------
Spacecraft Id : GO Target Name : CALLISTO Mission Phase Start Time : 1999-09-13T00:00:00 Mission Phase Stop Time : 1999-10-10T00:00:00

CALLISTO 23 ENCOUNTER
---------------------
Objectives: Fields & particles dedicated orbit. Io torus 7 hr recorded sample, 7.6-6.5 Jupiter radii. Chorus wave samples (plasma acceleration), inner-outer magnetosphere 12 day survey including dusk region. Callisto radio scienceEarth occultation. Jupiter north pole aurora energy budgets.
Altitude: 1052.4 km, Latitude: 0.099 degrees
Spacecraft Id : GO Target Name : CALLISTO Time of closest approach : 1999-09-16T17:27:02 Mission Phase Start Time : 1999-09-13T00:00:00 Mission Phase Stop Time : 1999-09-17T00:00:00


IO CAMPAIGN
-----------

The Io phase had 3 Io flybys (I24,I25,I27) and one Europa flyby (E26). The first two Io encounters (I24 and I25) were viewed by the project as the equivalent to Prime Mission objective. The first of the encounters is characterized by a near-equatorial flyby of Io followed by near continuous DSN coverage for data return. This encounter was optimized for the return of remote sensing data not acquired during the J0 orbit in the Prime Mission. A deterministic maneuver (delta V ~ 9 m/s) was required to link the first Io encounter to the second. The second encounter is characterized by a near-polar flyby of Io optimizedto distinguish if Io has an intrinsic magnetic field.

Spacecraft Id : GO Target Name : IO Mission Phase Start Time : 1999-10-10T00:00:00 Mission Phase Stop Time : 2000-05-20T00:00:00 Spacecraft Operations Type : ORBITER

IO 24 ORBIT
-----------
Spacecraft Id : GO Target Name : IO Mission Phase Start Time : 1999-10-10T00:00:00 Mission Phase Stop Time : 1999-11-25T00:00:00

IO 24 ENCOUNTER
---------------
Objectives: Io gravity field measurement for interior structure, high resolution thermal mapping (PPR), imaging volcanic plumes of Pillan and Pele, high resolution imaging of volcanic centers Loki, Pele, Pillan, Colchis, Tohil, Prometheus, Zamama, Dorian, Amirani, Skythia, Gish Bar. Io global and regional radiometry and polarimetry, regional near-infrared spectral mapping. Io auroral emissions, surface properties, and atmospheric species. Jupiter- Io magnetosphere coupling, inner magnetosphere survey including dusk region, Io torus energetics, Io torus morphology. Jupiteratmosphere wave structure.
Altitude: 611.2 km, Latitude: 4.51 degrees
Spacecraft Id : GO Target Name : IO Time of closest approach : 1999-10-11T04:33:03 Mission Phase Start Time : 1999-10-10T00:00:00 Mission Phase Stop Time : 1999-10-14T00:00:00

IO 25 ORBIT
-----------
Spacecraft Id : GO Target Name : IO Mission Phase Start Time : 1999-11-25T00:00:00 Mission Phase Stop Time : 2000-01-02T00:00:00

IO 25 ENCOUNTER
---------------
Objectives: Io gravity field measurement for interior structure, highest resolution imaging of Io during GEM, first south polar coverage, imaging and monitoring of volcanic features, global and regional thermal maps, regional near-infrared spectral mapping,Io auroral emissions, atmospheric and surface properties.
Highest resolution imaging of Amalthea. Jupiter/Io magnetospheric coupling, inner magnetosphere survey, Io torus morphology, polar Io magnetic field measurements. First opportunity for imaging Europa's Jupiter-facing hemisphere. Europa high resolution north polar imaging of lineaments, dark band pairs, and flow features,polarimetry for surface textures.
Altitude: 300 km, Latitude: -76.6 degrees
Spacecraft Id : GO Target Name : IO Time of closest approach : 1999-11-26T04:05:22 Mission Phase Start Time : 1999-11-25T00:00:00 Mission Phase Stop Time : 1999-11-27T00:00:00

EUROPA 26 ORBIT
---------------
Spacecraft Id : GO Target Name : EUROPA Mission Phase Start Time : 2000-01-02T00:00:00 Mission Phase Stop Time : 2000-02-20T00:00:00

EUROPA 26 ENCOUNTER
-------------------
Objectives: Observe Europa's interaction with the Jovianmagnetosphere and examine any induced magnetic field in Europa.
Europa terminator map. Images of Amalthea, Thebe and Metis.
Observations of Loki on Io. Continue return of I25 playback data.
Altitude: 360 km, Latitude: -46.6 degrees
Spacecraft Id : GO Target Name : EUROPA Time of closest approach : 2000-01-03T17:59:56 Mission Phase Start Time : 2000-01-01T00:00:00 Mission Phase Stop Time : 2000-01-05T00:00:00

IO 27 ORBIT
-----------
Spacecraft Id : GO Target Name : IO Mission Phase Start Time : 2000-02-20T00:00:00 Mission Phase Stop Time : 2000-05-17T00:00:00

IO 27 ENCOUNTER
---------------
Objectives: Io Isum Mons and Zamama, 3-color global, high resolution spectral maps of Pele, Tohil Mons, Amirani, SO2 frost, polarimetry and spectral mapping of Mulungu region, torus morphology, aurora and surface and atmospheric properties,global and regional thermal mapping, gravity field measurements.
Jupiter/Io magnetospheric coupling, inner magnetosphere survey.
Jupiter atmosphere wave structure. Complete I25 torus datareturn.
Altitude: 200 km, Latitude: 18.3 degrees.

Spacecraft Id : GO Target Name : IO Time of closest approach : 2000-02-22T13:46:36 Mission Phase Start Time : 2000-02-20T00:00:00 Mission Phase Stop Time : 2000-02-25T00:00:00



GALILEO-CASSINI PHASE
---------------------

During the Cassini phase the Galileo flyby geometry changes considerably in order to decrease the radiation dosage experienced by the spacecraft. The Cassini phase is so named as both Galileo and the Cassini spacecraft are in favorablepositions both inside and outside of Jupiter's magnetosphere.
This allows a dual-spacecraft simultaneous study of the Joviansystem for the first time.

Spacecraft Id : GO Target Name : TORUS Mission Phase Start Time : 2000-05-17T00:00:00 Mission Phase Stop Time : 2001-02-05T00:00:00 Spacecraft Operations Type : ORBITER

GANYMEDE 28 ORBIT
-----------------
Spacecraft Id : GO Target Name : GANYMEDE Mission Phase Start Time : 2000-05-20T00:00:00 Mission Phase Stop Time : 2000-12-27T00:00:00

GANYMEDE 28 ENCOUNTER
---------------------
Objectives: Jupiter/Ganymede magnetospheric coupling, measurements of Jovian magnetosphere for comparison with contemporaneous solar wind measurements by Cassini. Coordinated investigation of Jovian aurora and auroral variability, high resolution images of the Great Red Spot for characterization of wind speeds, high northern latitude occultation of Earth. Ganymede high resolution imaging, global mapping to complete longitudinal coverage, limb scan and Earth occultation for detection of an atmosphere. Low-phase, high tilt ring observations. Io colorimaging and volcano monitoring. Europa global color imaging.
Altitude: 808 km, Latitude: -13.8 degrees
Spacecraft Id : GO Target Name : GANYMEDE Time of closest approach : 2000-05-20T10:10:18 Mission Phase Start Time : 2000-05-17T00:00:00 Mission Phase Stop Time : 2000-06-13T00:00:00

GANYMEDE 29 ORBIT
-----------------
Spacecraft Id : GO Target Name : GANYMEDE Mission Phase Start Time : 2000-12-27T00:00:00 Mission Phase Stop Time : 2001-05-22T00:00:00

GANYMEDE 29 ENCOUNTER
---------------------
Objectives: Jupiter/Ganymede magnetospheric coupling, measurements of the dusk-side magnetosphere in collaboration withCassini observations obtained while traversing the magnetosphere.
Ganymede auroral features, regional and high-resolution observations, global observations, eclipse thermal maps. Jupiter atmospheric motion collaborative observations with Cassini, near-infrared spectral mapping, Great Red Spot, north equatorialbelt and hot spot observations. Io sodium cloud and eclipse.
Jovian main ring. Io, Europa and Callisto global imagescomplementing Cassini views.
Altitude: 2338 km, Latitude: -14.8 degrees
Spacecraft Id : GO Target Name : GANYMEDE Time of closest approach : 2000-12-28T08:43:07 Mission Phase Start Time : 2000-12-26T00:00:00 Mission Phase Stop Time : 2001-02-05T00:00:00


IO CAMPAIGN (GMM)
-----------------

The Io Phase is comprised of four (C30, I31, I32, and I33) encounters, one of Callisto and the others of Io, at flyby altitudes of 100 to 200 km. The Callisto gravity assist sets up high latitude flybys for I31 and I32 enabling both fields and particles measurements of a potential intrinsic magnetic field and unique remote sensing opportunities. With each successive passage, the orbit migrates farther to the sunward side of Jupiter. A trajectory correction is planned near I33 apojoveto effect a plane change and decrease orbital inclination.

Spacecraft Id : GO Target Name : IO Mission Phase Start Time : 2001-05-22T00:00:00 Mission Phase Stop Time : 2002-01-20T00:00:00 Spacecraft Operations Type : ORBITER

CALLISTO 30 ORBIT
-----------------
Spacecraft Id : GO Target Name : CALLISTO Mission Phase Start Time : 2001-05-22T00:00:00 Mission Phase Stop Time : 2001-08-04T00:00:00

CALLISTO 30 ENCOUNTER
---------------------
Objectives: Make a close flyby of Callisto, using its gravity assist to lower perijove and set up two polar and one mid-latitude flybys of Io. Science objectives include Global Color Imaging, Regional and targeted observations of key geologic features, Temperature scans to monitor surface warming, Ionosphere measurements during occultation. Callisto induced magnetic field. Surface-magnetosphere interactions, Real-time science monitoring of the inner Jovian magnetosphere and Io torus, Jupiter cloud dynamics, electron density profiles and the white oval. Other targets include Ganymede thermal maps, and near-terminator imaging, and monitoring Io volcanic activity indaylight and eclipse.
Altitude: 123 km, Latitude: 13.3 degrees
Spacecraft Id : GO Target Name : CALLISTO Time of closest approach : 2001-05-25T11:23:55 Mission Phase Start Time : 2001-05-22T00:00:00 Mission Phase Stop Time : 2001-05-27T00:00:00

IO 31 ORBIT
---------------
Spacecraft Id : GO Target Name : IO Mission Phase Start Time : 2001-08-04T00:00:00 Mission Phase Stop Time : 2001-10-14T00:00:00

IO 31 ENCOUNTER
---------------
Objectives: Tvashtar Plume and lava flow imaging and compositional Mapping, Global Color Imaging, Temperature maps of Io and its volcanoes. Real time science monitoring of the inner Jovian magnetosphere and Io Torus, and North Polar pass to study Io magnetic field North Polar pass to study Io magnetic field. For Jupiter a Study of cloud dynamics of hot spots, Feature track study of equatorial waves, and Jupiter Occultation to yield electron density profiles of Jovian ionosphere. Callisto/other target objectives include Satellite Polarimetry and Sub-JovianHemisphere Imaging.
Altitude: 200 km, Latitude: 77.5 degrees North
Spacecraft Id : GO Target Name : IO Time of closest approach : 2001-08-06T04:58:48 Mission Phase Start Time : 2001-08-04T00:00:00 Mission Phase Stop Time : 2001-08-09T00:00:00

IO 32 ORBIT
---------------
Spacecraft Id : GO Target Name : IO Mission Phase Start Time : 2001-10-14T00:00:00 Mission Phase Stop Time : 2002-01-15T00:00:00

IO 32 ENCOUNTER
---------------
Objectives: Io global and regional color maps, Regional and targeted observations of hot spots, thermal emissions and volcanic activity, SO2 distribution of the Chaac region and temperature maps. Jupiter observations include white oval monitoring, and Vortex regions at the poles, imaging of Gossimer rings, and global sampling. Monitoring of the inner Jovian magnetosphere and Io Torus with dayside sampling for magnetospheres and transition region of the ion plasma. Othertargets include Europa polarimetry.
Altitude: 181 km, Latitude 78.6 degrees north.

Spacecraft Id : GO Target Name : IO Time of closest approach : 2001-10-16T01:22:53 Mission Phase Start Time : 2001-10-14T00:00:00 Mission Phase Stop Time : 2001-10-29T00:00:00

IO 33 ORBIT
---------------
Spacecraft Id : GO Target Name : IO Mission Phase Start Time : 2002-01-15T00:00:00 Mission Phase Stop Time : 2002-11-02T00:00:00

IO 33 ENCOUNTER
---------------
Objectives: Io includes global views, high resolution volcanic centers (Kanehekili, Prometheus, Pillan, and Marduk). Thermal mapping and Io gravity experiments. Jupiter observations include the occultation, white oval, pole to pole thermal maps, and global mapping. Magnetospheric interactions with Io - continuous recording for 5 1/4 hours, Realtime science for 24 days around closest approach, Crossing Ribbon Region of Io Torus. Othertargets include Europa polarimetry.
Altitude 100 km, Latitude 43.6 degrees north.


Spacecraft Id : GO Target Name : IO Time of closest approach : 2002-01-17T14:08:53 Mission Phase Start Time : 2002-01-15T00:00:00 Mission Phase Stop Time : 2002-01-20T00:00:00


INNER JUPITER PHASE
-------------------
During the final phase, the spacecraft samples the Jupiter magnetic field down to two RJ, passes through the gossamer rings, and performs a 914km flyby of Amalthea with a possible nontargetted flyby of another minor satellite. The closest approach geometry at Amalthea provides the best chance at achieving high priority gravity data. After I33, the spacecraft is on a ballistic trajectory for a Jupiter impact on the 35th orbit. GMM operations end 28 February 2003 allowing sufficient time for Amalthea data return. Fields and particles instrumentswere left on and acquiring RTS data at the end of the mission.
The spacecraft will be periodically monitored until Jupiter impact. A short sequence that allows for some RTS data to be collected during the Jupiter impact orbit was placed on thespacecraft before the end of mission.

Spacecraft Id : GO Target Name : JUPITER Mission Phase Start Time : 2002-11-02T00:00:00 Mission Phase Stop Time : 2003-09-21T00:00:00 Spacecraft Operations Type : ORBITER

AMALTHEA 34 ORBIT
---------------
Spacecraft Id : GO Target Name : JUPITER Mission Phase Start Time : 2002-11-02T00:00:00 Mission Phase Stop Time : 2003-09-21T00:00:00

AMALTHEA 34 ENCOUNTER
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Objectives: Magnetosphere observations include realtime sampling and Monitoring of the inner Jovian magnetosphere and Io Toruswith dayside sampling, and Transition region of the ion plasma.
The Amalthea orbit includes Jupiter impact on 2003-09-21.

Spacecraft Id : GO Target Name : JUPITER Time of closest approach : 2002-11-05T06:19:37 Mission Phase Start Time : 2002-11-02T00:00:00 Mission Phase Stop Time : 2002-11-08T00:00:00
JUPITER 35 ORBIT
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Spacecraft Id : GO Target Name : JUPITER Mission Phase Start Time : 2003-09-21T00:00:00 Mission Phase Stop Time : 2003-09-21T19:07:00