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PDS_VERSION_ID                    = PDS3                                                                                                                      RECORD_TYPE                       = STREAM                                     LABEL_REVISION_NOTE               = "                                                    J. MAFI (PPI), initial draft, 1998-05-18;                                      2001-01-01 PPI:joy      Added Solar System as target;                          2002-08-09 RS: simpson  Added other targets           2011-10-14 PPI:kazden   Added reference to                                       MISSION_REFERENCE_INFORMATION, changed MISSION_STOP_DATE"          OBJECT                            = MISSION                                      MISSION_NAME                    = "VOYAGER"                                                                                                                   OBJECT                          = MISSION_INFORMATION                            MISSION_START_DATE            = 1972-07-01                                     MISSION_STOP_DATE             = "NULL"                                         MISSION_ALIAS_NAME            = "MJS77"                                        MISSION_DESC                  = "                                                                                                                             Mission Overview                                                               ================                                                                 The twin Voyager spacecraft, over the course of a dozen years,                 drew back the curtain on nearly half of the solar system.  From                launch in 1977 through the spectacular parting shots of Neptune                at the outer reaches of the solar system in 1989, this pair of                 spacecraft explored four planets -- Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and                Neptune -- as well as dozens of moons, and the rings and                       magnetic environments of those planetary systems.                                                                                                             The Voyagers were designed to take advantage of a rare geometric               arrangement of the outer planets that occurs only once every 176               years.  This configuration allows a single spacecraft to swing                 by all four gas giants without the need for large onboard                      propulsion systems; the flyby of each planet both accelerates                  the spacecraft and bends its flight path.  Without these gravity               assists, the flight time to Neptune would have been 30 years.                                                                                                 The second of the two Voyager spacecraft, Voyager 2, was                       launched first, on 20 August 1977.  It was followed on 5                       September 1977 by Voyager 1, which was put on a faster, shorter                trajectory to Jupiter.  Both launches took place from the Cape                 Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida.                                                                                                                       Eighteen months after launch, Voyager 1 reached Jupiter, 650                   million kilometers away.  The spacecraft made its closest                      approach on 5 March 1979, while Voyager 2 followed on 9 July                   of the same year.  Images streamed back from the pair of                       spacecraft showing the complex, swirling turbulence of                         Jupiter's atmosphere in exquisite detail.  A giant storm, three                times the size of Earth, raged in Jupiter's upper atmosphere,                  surrounded by rippling currents that rotated about it.                         Voyager 1 found nine active volcanoes erupting on Io, the                      innermost of Jupiter's four major moons.  Four months later,                   Voyager 2 found that eight of the nine volcanoes were still                    active.  A thin, dusty ring was also discovered around Jupiter,                forcing revision of theories about origins and mechanics of                    planetary ring systems.                                                                                                                                       At Saturn, both Voyagers took high-resolution images to help                   determine ring composition and dynamics.  The Voyager 1                        encounter took place in November 1980 and the Voyager 2                        encounter was in August 1981.  Voyager 1 was targeted to fly                   close to Saturn's largest moon Titan.  This resulted in a                      south polar passage of Saturn, which redirected the spacecraft                 northward of the ecliptic.                                                                                                                                    Voyager 2 continued on to Uranus where ten new moons were                      discovered in the Uranus system.  The planet's magnetic                        field was found to be significantly offset from the planet's                   axis of rotation.                                                                                                                                             In August 1989, Voyager 2 flew past Neptune.  Because Neptune                  receives so little sunlight, many scientists had expected to                   see a placid, featureless planet.  Instead, Voyager showed a                   dynamic atmosphere with winds blowing westward, opposite the                   direction of rotation, at speeds faster than the winds of any                  other planet.  Neptune revealed its Great Dark Spot, a storm                   system that resembled Jupiter's Great Red Spot, and a smaller,                 eastwardly moving cloud, called 'scooter', which went around                   the planet about every 16 hours.  The blue planet was circled                  by diffuse, dusty rings; six new moons were discovered.                                                                                                       Voyager 2 passed over the north polar region on Neptune,                       using the planet's gravity to redirect the trajectory for a                    final encounter -- with Neptune's largest moon Triton.  It then                departed the solar system southward of the ecliptic.                                                                                                          At about the same time as Voyager 2 was encountering Neptune,                  Voyager 1, continuing its journey to the edge of the solar                     system on the north side of the ecliptic, turned its cameras                   back to look at the planets and take one last parting shot.                    Voyager 1's 'family portrait' illustrates the vastness of the                  solar system and the huge expanses of emptiness within which                   the outer planets lie.                                                                                                                                        Both Voyagers are now headed for the outer boundary of the                     solar system, where the Sun becomes just one of many                           contributors to the interstellar environment.  That edge is                    thought to be somewhere between 8 billion and 23 billion                       kilometers from the Sun.  Engineers are optimistic that the                    Voyagers will still be transmitting data when that boundary is                 encountered sometime in the first quarter of the twenty-first                  century.                                                                                                                                                      The spacecraft were assembled at and the mission was managed by                the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA.  Early parts of                   the mission have been described in more detail by                              [MORRISON1982].                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Mission Phases                                                                 ==============                                                                                                                                                  VOYAGER 1 LAUNCH                                                               ----------------                                                                 The launch vehicle for Voyager 1 was a Titan/Centaur.  The                     first stage Titan was powered by both solid and liquid fuel                    engines.  The Centaur stage, 20 meters long and 3 meters in                    diameter burned a fuel combination of liquid hydrogen and                      liquid oxygen.  The Titan boosted the Voyager Centaur                          combination into low Earth orbit, and the Centaur plus a                       small solid fuel rocket provided the energy for Voyager 1 to                   escape Earth orbit.                                                                                                                                           Spacecraft Id                  : VG1                                           Mission Phase Start Time       : 1977-09-05                                    Mission Phase Stop Time        : 1977-09-05                                    Spacecraft Operations Type     : LAUNCH                                                                                                                                                                                                    VOYAGER 1 EARTH-JUPITER CRUISE                                                 ------------------------------                                                   During the period between Launch and Jupiter Encounter,                        Voyager 1 probed the interplanetary medium and conducted                       tests and calibrations of its systems.                                                                                                                        Spacecraft Id                  : VG1                                           Mission Phase Start Time       : 1977-09-05                                    Mission Phase Stop Time        : 1979-01-06                                    Spacecraft Operations Type     : CRUISE                                                                                                                                                                                                    VOYAGER 1 JUPITER ENCOUNTER                                                    ---------------------------                                                      The Voyager 1 flyby of Jupiter took place on 5 March 1979 at                   12:04:36 UTC with the spacecraft closest approach only 348890                  kilometers from the center of Jupiter.  Among the highlights                   of the encounter were the discovery of a faint ring and one                    new satellite.  Satellite encounter information is given                       below; 'UNK' denotes 'unknown' at time of this writing.  The                   Voyager 1 Jupiter encounter is described in more detail by                     [STONE&LANE1979A].                                                                                                                                              Satellite    Satellite     Radial    Closest  Approach                            Name      Dimensions   Distance    Date    Distance                                         (km)        (km)     (1979)     (km)                           ---------   -----------  ----------  ------  ---------                         Metis            40         128,000    UNK       UNK                           Adrastea      24x20x14      129,000    UNK       UNK                           Amalthea    270x166x150     181,300   5 Mar    420,200                         Thebe         110x90        222,000    UNK       UNK                           Io              3630        422,000   5 Mar     20,570                         Europa          3138        661,000   5 Mar    733,760                         Ganymede        5262      1,070,000   5 Mar    114,710                         Callisto        4800      1,883,000   6 Mar    126,400                         Leda             16      11,094,000    UNK       UNK                           Himalia          186     11,480,000    UNK       UNK                           Lysithia         36      11,720,000    UNK       UNK                           Elara            76      11,737,000    UNK       UNK                           Ananke           30      21,200,000    UNK       UNK                           Carme            40      22,600,000    UNK       UNK                           Pasiphae         50      23,500,000    UNK       UNK                           Sinope           36      23,700,000    UNK       UNK                                                                                                        Spacecraft Id                  : VG1                                           Target Name                    : JUPITER                                       Mission Phase Start Time       : 1979-01-06                                    Mission Phase Stop Time        : 1979-04-13                                    Spacecraft Operations Type     : FLYBY                                                                                                                                                                                                     VOYAGER 1 JUPITER-SATURN CRUISE                                                -------------------------------                                                  During the period between Jupiter Encounter and Saturn                         Encounter, Voyager 1 probed the interplanetary medium,                         observed selected celestial targets, and conducted tests and                   calibrations of its systems.  Mission planners used the 16                     months to develop and test activity sequences which would be                   used during the Saturn Encounter.                                                                                                                             Spacecraft Id                  : VG1                                           Mission Phase Start Time       : 1979-04-13                                    Mission Phase Stop Time        : 1980-08-22                                    Spacecraft Operations Type     : CRUISE                                                                                                                                                                                                    VOYAGER 1 SATURN ENCOUNTER                                                     --------------------------                                                       The Voyager 1 flyby of Saturn took place on 12 November 1980                   at 23:46 UTC with the spacecraft closest approach only 184300                  kilometers from the center of Saturn.  Among the highlights                    of the encounter were the separate encounter with Titan,                       discovery of intricate patterns within the ring system, and                    observation of variations among the many moons of Saturn.                      Closest approaches to some of the satellites were on the                       dates and at the distances shown below.  'UNK' denotes                         'unknown' at the time of this writing.  The encounter is                       described in more detail by [STONE&MINER1981].                                                                                                                  Satellite    Satellite     Radial     Closest Approach                            Name      Dimensions   Distance    Date     Distance                                        (km)        (km)     (1980)      (km)                          ---------   -----------  ----------  ------  ----------                        Pan              10         133,583   12 Nov      UNK                          Atlas          40x20        137,670    UNK      219,000                        Prometheus  140x100x80      139,353    UNK      300,000                        Pandora      110x90x80      141,700   12 Nov    270,000                        Epimetheus  140x120x100     151,472   13 Nov    121,000                        Janus       220x200x160     151,422   12 Nov    297,000                        Mimas           392         185,520   12 Nov     88,440                        Enceladus       520         238,020   12 Nov    202,040                        Tethys         1060         294,660   12 Nov    415,670                        Telesto      34x28x26       294,660   12 Nov    233,000                        Calypso      34x22x22       294,660   13 Nov    432,000                        Dione          1120         377,400   12 Nov    161,520                        Helene       36x32x30       377,400   13 Nov    237,000                        Rhea           1530         527,040   12 Nov     73,980                        Titan          5150       1,221,860   12 Nov      6,490                        Hyperion    410x260x220   1,481,000   13 Nov    880,440                        Iapetus        1460       3,560,830   14 Nov  2,470,000                        Phoebe          220      12,952,000    UNK   13,500,000                                                                                                     Spacecraft Id                  : VG1                                           Target Name                    : SATURN                                        Mission Phase Start Time       : 1980-08-22                                    Mission Phase Stop Time        : 1980-12-14                                    Spacecraft Operations Type     : FLYBY                                                                                                                                                                                                     VOYAGER 1 INTERSTELLAR MISSION                                                 ------------------------------                                                   After conclusion of the Saturn Encounter, Voyager 1 left the                   ecliptic at an angle of about 30 degrees.  Its scan platform                   instruments were turned off, but some of the remaining                         instruments (primarily fields and particles) continued to                      monitor the environment in the outer solar system as the                       spacecraft traveled outward toward the heliopause.                                                                                                            Spacecraft Id                  : VG1                                           Mission Phase Start Time       : 1980-12-14                                    Mission Phase Stop Time        : UNK                                           Spacecraft Operations Type     : CRUISE                                                                                                                                                                                                    VOYAGER 2 LAUNCH                                                               ----------------                                                                 The launch vehicle for Voyager 2 was a Titan/Centaur.  The                     first stage Titan was powered by both solid and liquid fuel                    engines.  The Centaur stage, 20 meters long and 3 meters in                    diameter burned a fuel combination of liquid hydrogen and                      liquid oxygen.  The Titan boosted the Voyager Centaur                          combination into low Earth orbit, and the Centaur plus a                       small solid fuel rocket provided the energy for Voyager 2 to                   escape Earth orbit.                                                                                                                                           Spacecraft Id                  : VG2                                           Mission Phase Start Time       : 1977-08-20                                    Mission Phase Stop Time        : 1977-08-20                                    Spacecraft Operations Type     : LAUNCH                                                                                                                                                                                                    VOYAGER 2 EARTH-JUPITER CRUISE                                                 ------------------------------                                                   During the period between Launch and Jupiter Encounter,                        Voyager 2 probed the interplanetary medium and conducted                       tests and calibrations of its systems.                                                                                                                        Spacecraft Id                  : VG2                                           Mission Phase Start Time       : 1977-08-20                                    Mission Phase Stop Time        : 1979-04-25                                    Spacecraft Operations Type     : CRUISE                                                                                                                                                                                                    VOYAGER 2 JUPITER ENCOUNTER                                                    ---------------------------                                                      The Voyager 2 flyby of Jupiter took place on 9 July 1979 at                    22:29 UTC.  This was 18 weeks after the Voyager 1 Jupiter                      Encounter and was at a closest approach distance of 721670                     kilometers from the center of Jupiter.  The Voyager 2                          trajectory was chosen to complement that of Voyager 1,                         including a much closer approach to Europa, probing southern                   latitudes in Jupiter's atmosphere, and an extensive                            investigation of Jupiter's magnetotail.  Satellite encounter                   information is given below; 'UNK' denotes 'unknown' at time                    of this writing.  The Voyager 2 Jupiter encounter is                           described in more detail by [STONE&LANE1979B].                                                                                                                  Satellite    Satellite     Radial     Closest Approach                            Name      Dimensions   Distance    Date    Distance                                         (km)        (km)     (1979)     (km)                           ---------   -----------  ----------  ------  ---------                         Metis            40         128,000    UNK       UNK                           Adrastea      24x20x14      129,000    UNK       UNK                           Amalthea    270x166x150     181,300   9 Jul    558,370                         Thebe         110x90        222,000    UNK       UNK                           Io              3630        422,000   9 Jul  1,129,900                         Europa          3138        661,000   9 Jul    205,720                         Ganymede        5262      1,070,000   9 Jul     62,130                         Callisto        4800      1,883,000   8 Jul    214,930                         Leda             16      11,094,000    UNK       UNK                           Himalia          186     11,480,000    UNK       UNK                           Lysithia         36      11,720,000    UNK       UNK                           Elara            76      11,737,000    UNK       UNK                           Ananke           30      21,200,000    UNK       UNK                           Carme            40      22,600,000    UNK       UNK                           Pasiphae         50      23,500,000    UNK       UNK                           Sinope           36      23,700,000    UNK       UNK                                                                                                        Spacecraft Id                  : VG2                                           Target Name                    : JUPITER                                       Mission Phase Start Time       : 1979-04-25                                    Mission Phase Stop Time        : 1979-08-05                                    Spacecraft Operations Type     : FLYBY                                                                                                                                                                                                     VOYAGER 2 JUPITER-SATURN CRUISE                                                -------------------------------                                                  During the period between Jupiter Encounter and Saturn                         Encounter, Voyager 2 probed the interplanetary medium,                         observed selected celestial targets, and conducted tests and                   calibrations of its systems.  Mission planners used the 22                     months to develop and test activity sequences which would be                   used during the Saturn Encounter.                                                                                                                             Spacecraft Id                  : VG2                                           Mission Phase Start Time       : 1979-08-05                                    Mission Phase Stop Time        : 1981-06-05                                    Spacecraft Operations Type     : CRUISE                                                                                                                                                                                                    VOYAGER 2 SATURN ENCOUNTER                                                     --------------------------                                                       The Voyager 2 closest approach to Saturn was on 26 August                      1981 at 03:24 UTC and at a distance of 161000 km from the                      center of Saturn.  The trajectory was chosen so that the                       spacecraft could obtain a gravitational assist from Saturn                     and continue on to Uranus; the timing was selected to provide                  better views of several satellites than had been obtained                      from Voyager 1.  Design of science sequences was influenced                    by Voyager 1 results.  Satellite encounters were on the dates                  and at the closest approach distances shown below; 'UNK'                       denotes 'unknown' at the time of this writing.  The                            scan platform seized temporarily 110 minutes after Saturn                      closest approach, causing the central computer to disable                      further commands and resulting in loss of some data.  When                     commanded again three days later (at low rate), it moved as                    instructed.  A gyroscope calibration error between closest                     approach and five hours later also caused loss of data.                        Scan platform activities ended on 5 September 1981.  This                      encounter is described in more detail by [STONE&MINER1982].                                                                                                     Satellite    Satellite     Radial      Closest Approach                           Name      Dimensions   Distance     Date     Distance                                       (km)        (km)      (1981)      (km)                         ---------   -----------  ----------   ------  ----------                       Pan              10         133,583   26 Aug       UNK                         Atlas          40x20        137,670   26 Aug     287,000                       Prometheus  140x100x80      139,353   26 Aug     247,000                       Pandora      110x90x80      141,700   26 Aug     107,000                       Epimetheus  140x120x100     151,472   26 Aug     147,000                       Janus       220x200x160     151,422   26 Aug     223,000                       Mimas           392         185,520   26 Aug     309,930                       Enceladus       520         238,020   26 Aug      87,010                       Tethys         1060         294,660   25 Aug      93,010                       Telesto      34x28x26       294,660   26 Aug     270,000                       Calypso      34x22x22       294,660   26 Aug     151,590                       Dione          1120         377,400   26 Aug     502,310                       Helene       36x32x30       377,400   25 Aug     314,090                       Rhea           1530         527,040   26 Aug     645,260                       Titan          5150       1,221,860   24 Aug     666,190                       Hyperion    410x260x220   1,481,000   24 Aug     431,370                       Iapetus        1460       3,560,830   22 Aug     908,680                       Phoebe          220      12,952,000    4 Sep   2,075,640                                                                                                    Spacecraft Id                  : VG2                                           Target Name                    : SATURN                                        Mission Phase Start Time       : 1981-06-05                                    Mission Phase Stop Time        : 1981-09-25                                    Spacecraft Operations Type     : FLYBY                                                                                                                                                                                                     VOYAGER 2 SATURN-URANUS CRUISE                                                 ------------------------------                                                   During the period between Saturn Encounter and Uranus                          Encounter, Voyager 2 probed the interplanetary medium,                         observed selected celestial targets, and conducted tests and                   calibrations of its systems.  Mission planners used the 49                     months to develop and test activity sequences which would be                   used during the Uranus Encounter.  Considerable attention was                  paid to the scan platform capabilities, following its seizure                  during the Saturn Encounter.  Full scan platform operation                     was restored before the end of 1981.                                                                                                                          Spacecraft Id                  : VG2                                           Mission Phase Start Time       : 1981-09-25                                    Mission Phase Stop Time        : 1985-11-04                                    Spacecraft Operations Type     : CRUISE                                                                                                                                                                                                    VOYAGER 2 URANUS ENCOUNTER                                                     --------------------------                                                       The Voyager 2 closest approach to Uranus was on 24 January                     1986 at 17:59 UTC at a distance of 107000 km from the                          center of Uranus.  The trajectory was chosen so that the                       spacecraft could obtain a gravitational assist from Uranus                     and continue on to Neptune; NASA permission for the Neptune                    Encounter was granted during the approach to Uranus.  The                      timing of the Uranus closest approach was selected to                          provide a close approach to Miranda and to allow capture of                    radio occultation data at the DSN tracking station in                          Australia (southern declination of Uranus meant that                           Australia was preferred for DSN tracking).  Radio                              occultation data were also collected using the 64-m                            antenna at Parkes in Australia.  Satellite encounters were                     on the dates and at the closest approach distances shown                       below.  'UNK' denotes 'unknown' at the time of this writing.                   Satellite images were improved by implementation of image                      motion compensation on the spacecraft.  Reed-Solomon encoding                  was used for the first time; real-time imaging data rates                      were reduced by almost 70 percent.  Ground antennas were                       arrayed to increase receiving aperture.  This encounter is                     described in more detail by [STONE&MINER1986].                                                                                                                  Satellite    Satellite     Radial      Closest Approach                           Name      Dimensions   Distance     Date     Distance                                       (km)        (km)      (1986)      (km)                         ---------   -----------  ----------   ------  ----------                       Cordelia         26         49,800      UNK       UNK                          Ophelia          30         53,800      UNK       UNK                          Bianca           42         59,200      UNK       UNK                          Juliet           62         61,800      UNK       UNK                          Desdemona        54         62,700      UNK       UNK                          Rosalind         84         64,400      UNK       UNK                          Portia          108         66,100      UNK       UNK                          Cressida         54         69,900      UNK       UNK                          Belinda          66         75,300      UNK       UNK                          Puck            154         86,000      UNK       UNK                          Miranda         472        129,900    24 Jan     29,000                        Ariel         1,158        190,900    24 Jan    127,000                        Umbriel       1,172        265,969    24 Jan    325,000                        Titania       1,580        436,300    24 Jan    365,200                        Oberon        1,524        583,400    24 Jan    470,600                                                                                                     Spacecraft Id                  : VG2                                           Target Name                    : URANUS                                        Mission Phase Start Time       : 1985-11-04                                    Mission Phase Stop Time        : 1986-02-25                                    Spacecraft Operations Type     : FLYBY                                                                                                                                                                                                     VOYAGER 2 URANUS-NEPTUNE CRUISE                                                -------------------------------                                                  During the period between Uranus Encounter and Neptune                         Encounter, Voyager 2 probed the interplanetary medium,                         observed selected celestial targets, and conducted tests and                   calibrations of its systems.  Mission planners used the 39                     months to develop and test activity sequences which would be                   used during the Neptune Encounter.                                                                                                                            The DSN used this time to add a 34-m tracking antenna at the                   Madrid complex, to increase the diameter of their 64-m                         antennas to 70 meters, and to make the 70-m systems more                       efficient.  A special microwave link was installed to permit                   the Parkes radio telescope to be arrayed with the Canberra                     DSN antenna in Australia.                                                                                                                                     Spacecraft Id                  : VG2                                           Mission Phase Start Time       : 1986-02-25                                    Mission Phase Stop Time        : 1989-06-05                                    Spacecraft Operations Type     : CRUISE                                                                                                                                                                                                    VOYAGER 2 NEPTUNE ENCOUNTER                                                    ---------------------------                                                      The Voyager 2 closest approach to Neptune was on 25 August                     1989 at 03:56 UTC at a distance of 29240 km from the                           center of Neptune.  The trajectory and timing were chosen so                   that the spacecraft could obtain a gravitational assist from                   Neptune and continue on for an encounter with Neptune's large                  satellite Triton about five hours later (closest approach at                   09:10 UTC).  The timing was also selected so that radio                        occultation data would be collected at the DSN tracking                        station in Australia (southern declination of Neptune meant                    that Australia was preferred for DSN tracking).  Radio                         occultation data were again collected with the Parkes antenna                  and with a new 64-m antenna at Usuda in Japan.  Satellite                      encounters were on the dates and at the closest approach                       distances shown below.  'UNK' denotes 'unknown' at the                         time of this writing.  Data rates were increased over those                    at Uranus by including the Very Large Array (VLA) in New                       Mexico for receiving and by taking advantage of DSN upgrades                   made over the previous three years.  This encounter is                         described in more detail by [STONE&MINER1989].                                                                                                                  Satellite    Satellite     Radial      Closest Approach                           Name      Dimensions   Distance     Date     Distance                                       (km)        (km)      (1989)      (km)                         ---------   -----------  ----------   ------  ----------                       Naiad            54          48,000   25 Aug       UNK                         Thalassa         80          50,000   25 Aug       UNK                         Despina         180          52,500   25 Aug       UNK                         Galatea         150          62,000   25 Aug       UNK                         Larissa         190          73,600   25 Aug      60,180                       Proteus         400         117,600   25 Aug      97,860                       Triton        2,700         354,760   25 Aug      39,790                       Nereid          340       5,509 090   25 Aug   4,652,880                                                                                                    Spacecraft Id                  : VG2                                           Target Name                    : NEPTUNE                                       Mission Phase Start Time       : 1989-06-05                                    Mission Phase Stop Time        : 1989-10-02                                    Spacecraft Operations Type     : FLYBY                                                                                                                                                                                                     VOYAGER 2 INTERSTELLAR MISSION                                                 ------------------------------                                                   After conclusion of the Neptune Encounter, Voyager 2 left the                  ecliptic at an angle of about -30 degrees.  Its scan platform                  instruments were turned off, but some of the remaining                         instruments (primarily fields and particles) continued to                      monitor the environment in the outer solar system as the                       spacecraft traveled outward toward the heliopause.  During                     the Shoemaker-Levy 9 impact with Jupiter in July 1994, the                     ultraviolet spectrometer was trained on Jupiter and radio                      signals were recorded; but no emissions from the impact were                   detected.                                                                                                                                                     Spacecraft Id                  : VG2                                           Mission Phase Start Time       : 1989-10-02                                    Mission Phase Stop Time        : UNK                                           Spacecraft Operations Type     : CRUISE"                                                                                                                  MISSION_OBJECTIVES_SUMMARY    = "                                                                                                                             Mission Objectives Summary                                                     ==========================                                                       Voyager's primary objective was exploration of the two giant                   planets, Jupiter and Saturn, their magnetospheres, and their                   satellites.  Major emphasis was placed on studying the                         satellites, many of which are planet-sized worlds, in as much                  detail as possible.  The study of Titan, the only satellite in                 the solar system known to have an extensive atmosphere, was                    nearly as high a priority as studies of Saturn itself                          [MORRISON1982].  After the successful Voyager 1 encounter with                 Titan, it was decided to expand the Voyager objectives to                      include at least Uranus; Uranus and Neptune could both be                      reached by proper reprogramming of the Voyager 2 trajectory.                   Comparative studies then could include the four largest planets                in the solar system.                                                                                                                                          Eleven investigations were approved for the Voyager mission.                   Investigation names and Principal Investigators, or Team                       Leaders in the cases of ISS and RSS, are shown in the table                    below; the trailing 'S' stands for 'subsystem' in most                         acronyms.                                                                                                                                                       Investigation, P/I or T/L                            Acronym                   ------------------------------------------------     -------                   Imaging Science Investigation                          ISS                                    B.A. Smith                                                      Infrared Interferometer and Radiometer Investigation   IRIS                                   R.A. Hanel (Jupiter - Uranus)                                                  B.J. Conrath (Neptune)                                          Photopolarimeter Investigation                         PPS                                    C.F. Lillie (Voyager 1 Jupiter)                                                C.W. Hord (Voyager 2 Jupiter)                                                  A.L. Lane (Saturn - Neptune)                                    Radio Science Investigation                            RSS                                    V.R. Eshleman (Jupiter)                                                        G.L. Tyler (Saturn - Neptune)                                   Ultraviolet Spectrometer Investigation                 UVS                                    A.L. Broadfoot                                                  Magnetometer Investigation                             MAG                                    N.F. Ness                                                       Plasma Science Investigation                           PLS                                    H.S. Bridge (Jupiter - Uranus)                                                 J.W. Belcher (Neptune)                                          Plasma Wave Investigation                              PWS                                    F.L. Scarf (Jupiter - Uranus)                                                  D.A. Gurnett (Neptune)                                          Planetary Radio Astronomy Investigation                PRA                                    J.W. Warwick                                                    Low-Energy Charged Particle Investigation              LECP                                   S.M. Krimigis                                                   Cosmic Ray Investigation                               CRS                                    R.E. Vogt (Jupiter - Saturn)                                                   E.C. Stone (Uranus - Neptune)                                                                                                                                                                                               Broadly stated, the science goals of the mission were: high                    resolution imaging of the gas planets and inference of                         atmospheric dynamics; high resolution imaging of satellites and                inference of geologic processes; spectral measurements of                      atmospheres and satellite surfaces, inference of compositions,                 and inference of thermal properties and structure;                             identification and study of aerosols and surface physical                      structure using polarized light; occultation measurement of                    atmospheric thermal, ionospheric charged particle, and ring                    structure; and measurement of magnetic fields and particle                     environments and inference of Sun-planet-satellite                             interactions, magnetospheric structure, and mechanisms within                  each planetary system for generating the observed fields.                                                                                                                                                                                    Jupiter                                                                        -------                                                                          The largest planet in the solar system, Jupiter is composed                    mainly of hydrogen and helium, with small amounts of methane,                  ammonia, water vapor, traces of other compounds and a core of                  melted rock and ice.  One of the objectives of Voyager was to                  quantify the composition of the atmospheres of Jupiter and                     the other giant planets.                                                                                                                                      Colorful latitudinal bands, atmospheric clouds, and storms                     characterize Jupiter's dynamic atmosphere.  By taking a                        series of images, Voyager could show the time variability of                   the atmosphere.  The Great Red Spot was revealed as a complex                  storm moving in a counterclockwise direction.  An array of                     other smaller storms and eddies were found throughout the                      banded clouds.                                                                                                                                                Jupiter is now known to possess 16 moons.  An objective of                     the Voyager mission was to search for new moons and to obtain                  high resolution quantitative measurements on those that had                    been discovered earlier.  Active volcanism on the satellite                    Io was easily the most surprising discovery at Jupiter.  It                    was the first time active volcanoes had been seen on another                   body in the solar system.  Together, the Voyagers observed                     the eruption of nine volcanoes on Io, and there is evidence                    that other eruptions occurred between the Voyager encounters.                                                                                                 Although interpretations vary, the cratered surfaces of the                    terrestrial planets (and the Moon) are believed to contain                     the record of small body populations in the inner solar                        system from as far back as 4 billion years ago.  One of the                    objectives of the Voyager mission was to obtain similar                        cratering data from satellites in the outer solar system.                      Impact craters on Io have been obliterated by that satellite's                 volcanism.  Rather than craters, Europa was distinguished by                   a large number of intersecting linear features with almost no                  topographic relief.  There is a possibility that Europa is                     internally active due to tidal heating at a level one-tenth                    or less than that of Io and that the crust is very thin (less                  than 30 kilometers).  Ganymede has two distinct types of                       terrain -- cratered and grooved -- suggesting that its entire                  icy crust has been under tension from global tectonic                          processes.  Callisto has a very old, heavily cratered crust                    showing remnant rings of enormous impact craters.  The                         largest craters have apparently been erased by the flow of                     the icy crust over geologic time.  Almost no topographic                       relief is apparent in the ghost remnants of the immense                        impact basins, identifiable only by their light color and the                  surrounding subdued rings of concentric ridges.                                                                                                               Indirect evidence from Pioneer 10/11 suggested the presence                    of a thin ring around Jupiter.  One of the objectives of the                   Voyager mission was to search more systematically for such a                   ring, and to quantify both the number-density and the size                     distribution of particles within rings in the outer solar                      system.  A faint, dusty ring of material was found around                      Jupiter.  Its outer edge is 129,000 kilometers from the                        center of the planet, and it extends inward about 30,000                       kilometers.                                                                                                                                                   Two new, small satellites, Adrastea and Metis, were found                      orbiting just outside the ring.  A third new satellite,                        Thebe, was discovered between the orbits of Amalthea and Io.                                                                                                  Jupiter's rings and moons exist within an intense radiation                    belt of electrons and ions trapped in the planet's magnetic                    field.  These particles and fields comprise the jovian                         magnetosphere, or magnetic environment, which extends three                    to seven million kilometers toward the Sun, and stretches in                   a windsock shape at least as far as Saturn's orbit -- a                        distance of 750 million kilometers (460 million miles).                                                                                                       As the magnetosphere rotates with Jupiter, it sweeps past Io                   and strips away about 1,000 kilograms (one ton) of material                    per second.  The material forms a torus, a doughnut-shaped                     cloud of ions that glow in the ultraviolet.  The heavy ions                    in the torus migrate outward, and their pressure inflates the                  jovian magnetosphere to more than twice its expected size.                     Some of the more energetic sulfur and oxygen ions fall along                   the magnetic field into the planet's atmosphere, resulting in                  auroras.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   Saturn                                                                         ------                                                                           A major objective of the Voyager mission was to determine in                   which ways the gas giants are the same and in which ways they                  are different.  Saturn, like Jupiter, is mostly hydrogen and                   helium.  Its hazy yellow hue has broad atmospheric banding                     similar to (but much fainter than) that found on Jupiter.  It                  also has a complex ring system, the details of which were                      sketchy before Voyager, but which represented an important                     objective in themselves.                                                                                                                                      It is thought that the rings formed from one or more moons                     that were shattered by impacts of comets and meteoroids.  The                  resulting material, ranging in size from dust to house-sized                   particles, has accumulated in a broad plane in which both the                  shape and density vary in ways which depend intricately on                     gravitational interactions with satellites.  This is most                      obviously demonstrated by the relationship between the F-ring                  and two small moons that 'shepherd' the ring material.  The                    variation in the separation of the moons from the ring may                     explain the ring's kinked appearance.  Shepherding moons were                  also found by Voyager 2 at Uranus.  Very diffuse rings and                     'spokes' (neither detected from Earth) were also found by                      Voyager.                                                                                                                                                      Winds blow at extremely high speeds on Saturn -- up to 1,800                   kilometers per hour.  Their primarily easterly direction                       indicates that the winds are not confined to the top cloud                     layer but must extend at least 2,000 kilometers downward into                  the atmosphere.                                                                                                                                               Saturn has 18 known satellites ranging from Phoebe, a small                    moon that travels in a retrograde orbit and is probably a                      captured asteroid, to Titan, the planet-sized moon with                        an atmosphere that had been detected from Earth before                         Voyager.  A major objective of Voyager was to                                  investigate these satellites and, in particular, to learn a                    great deal more about Titan.  Titan's surface temperature and                  pressure were found to be 94 K and 1.6 atmospheres.                            Photochemistry converts some atmospheric methane to other                      organic molecules, such as ethane, that may accumulate in                      lakes or oceans.  Other more complex hydrocarbons form the                     haze particles that eventually fall to the surface, coating                    it with a thick layer of organic matter.  The chemistry in                     Titan's atmosphere may resemble that which occurred on Earth                   before life evolved.                                                                                                                                          The most active surface of any moon seen in the Saturn system                  was that of Enceladus.  The bright surface of this moon,                       marked by faults and valleys, showed evidence of tectonically                  induced change.  Voyager 1 found that the surface of Mimas is                  dominated by a crater so large that the impact nearly broke                    the satellite apart.                                                                                                                                          Saturn's magnetic field is weaker than Jupiter's, extending                    only one or two million kilometers.  The axis of the field is                  almost perfectly aligned with Saturn's rotation axis.                                                                                                                                                                                      Uranus                                                                         ------                                                                           Uranus is distinguished by the fact that it is tipped on its                   side.  This unusual orientation is thought to be the result                    of a collision with a planet-sized body early in the solar                     system's history.  Clues to this event, as well as more basic                  data about this planet (which has polar regions exposed to                     sunlight or hidden in darkness for long periods) were                          important Voyager objectives.  At about the time of Voyager's                  launch, observations from Earth showed that Uranus was                         circled by rings -- not bright and wide, as was the case                       for Saturn, but extremely narrow and very dark.                                                                                                               Voyager 2 found that one of the most striking influences of                    the orientation of the rotation axis is its effect on the                      tail of the magnetic field, which is itself tilted 60 degrees                  from the planet's axis of rotation.  The magnetotail was                       shown to be twisted by the planet's rotation into a long                       corkscrew shape behind Uranus.                                                                                                                                The existence of a magnetic field at Uranus was not known                      until Voyager's arrival.  The intensity of the field is                        roughly comparable to that of Earth's, though it varies much                   more from point to point because of its large offset from the                  center of the planet.  The peculiar orientation of the                         magnetic field suggests that the field is generated at an                      intermediate depth in the interior where the pressure is high                  enough for water to become electrically conducting.                                                                                                           Radiation belts at Uranus were found to be similar in                          intensity to those at Saturn.  The intensity of radiation                      within the belts is such that irradiation would quickly                        darken (within 100,000 years) any methane trapped in the icy                   surfaces of the inner moons and ring particles.  This may                      have contributed to the darkened surfaces of the moons and                     ring particles, which have lower albedos than coal and are                     almost uniform in color.                                                                                                                                      A high layer of haze was detected around the sunlit pole,                      which also was found to radiate large amounts of ultraviolet                   light, a phenomenon dubbed 'dayglow'.  Surprisingly, the                       illuminated and dark poles, and most of the planet, show                       nearly the same temperature at the cloud tops.                                                                                                                Voyager found 10 new moons, bringing the total number at                       Uranus to 15.  Most of the new moons are small, with the                       largest measuring about 150 kilometers in diameter.                                                                                                           The five large moons appear to be ice-rock conglomerates like                  the satellites of Saturn.  Titania is marked by huge fault                     systems and canyons indicating some degree of geologic                         (probably tectonic) activity in its history.  Ariel has the                    brightest and possibly youngest surface of all the Uranian                     moons and also appears to have undergone geologic activity                     that led to many fault valleys and what seem to be extensive                   flows of icy material.  Little geologic activity has occurred                  on Umbriel or Oberon, judging by their old and dark surfaces.                                                                                                 The moon Miranda, innermost of the five large moons, was                       revealed to be one of the strangest bodies yet seen in the                     solar system.  Detailed images from Voyager's flyby of the                     moon showed huge fault canyons as deep as 20 kilometers,                       terraced layers, and a mixture of old and young surfaces.                      One theory holds that Miranda may be a reaggregation of                        material from an earlier time when the moon was fractured by                   a violent impact.                                                                                                                                             All nine rings discovered from Earth in the 1970's were                        studied by the spacecraft and showed the Uranian rings to be                   distinctly different from those at Jupiter and Saturn.  The                    ring system may be relatively young and did not form at the                    same time as Uranus.  Particles that make up the rings may be                  remnants of a moon that was fractured by a high-velocity                       impact or torn up by gravitational effects.                                                                                                                                                                                                Neptune                                                                        -------                                                                          Less was known about Neptune than about Uranus at the                          beginning of the Voyager mission.  Approximately the same                      size as Uranus, Neptune was expected to be a twin except for                   having a rotation axis more likely to be normal to the                         ecliptic.  About five years before the Voyager 2 Neptune                       encounter, evidence began accumulating that Neptune had                        atmospheric structure and (possibly) rings.  The ring data                     were very ambiguous; only exotic ring models (transient                        rings, partial rings, polar rings, etc.) were consistent                       with the observations from Earth.                                                                                                                             Even though Neptune receives only three percent as much                        sunlight as Jupiter, it is a dynamic planet and showed                         several large, dark spots reminiscent of Jupiter's                             hurricane-like storms.  The largest spot, dubbed the Great                     Dark Spot, is about the size of Earth and is similar to the                    Great Red Spot on Jupiter.  A small, irregularly shaped,                       eastward-moving cloud was observed 'scooting' around Neptune                   approximately once every 16 hours.                                                                                                                            Long bright clouds, similar to cirrus clouds on Earth, were                    seen high in Neptune's atmosphere.  At low northern                            latitudes, Voyager captured images of cloud streaks casting                    their shadows on cloud decks below.                                                                                                                           The strongest winds on any planet were measured on Neptune.                    Most of the winds blow westward, or opposite to the rotation                   of the planet.  Near the Great Dark Spot, winds blow up to                     2,000 kilometers an hour.                                                                                                                                     The magnetic field of Neptune, like that of Uranus, turned                     out to be highly tilted -- 47 degrees from the rotation axis                   and offset at least 0.55 radii (about 13,500 kilometers or                     8,500 miles) from the physical center.  The extreme                            orientation may be characteristic of flows in the interiors                    of both Uranus and Neptune -- and not related, in the Uranus                   case, to the planet's rotation axis tilt or to any possible                    field reversals at either planet.  Voyager studies of radio                    emissions caused by the magnetic field revealed the length                     of a Neptunian day (16.11 hours).  The spacecraft also                         detected auroras, though they are much weaker than those on                    Earth and other planets.                                                                                                                                      Triton, the largest Neptunian moon, was shown to be not only                   the most intriguing satellite of the system, but also one                      of the most interesting in all the solar system.  Intricate                    surface patterns suggest a remarkable geologic history,                        while Voyager 2 images captured active geyser-like eruptions                   spewing invisible nitrogen gas and dark dust particles                         several kilometers into the tenuous atmosphere.  Triton's                      relatively high density and retrograde orbit offer strong                      evidence that it is not an original member of Neptune's                        family but, rather, is a captured object.  If so, tidal                        heating could have melted Triton in its originally eccentric                   orbit, and the moon may have been liquid for as long as one                    billion years after its capture by Neptune.                                                                                                                   An extremely thin atmosphere extends about 800 kilometers                      above Triton's surface.  Nitrogen ice particles may form thin                  clouds a few kilometers above the surface.  The atmospheric                    pressure at the surface is about 14 microbars, 1/70,000th the                  surface pressure on Earth.  The surface temperature is about                   38 K -- the coldest known temperature of any body in the                       solar system.                                                                                                                                                 The new moons found at Neptune by Voyager are all small and                    remain close to Neptune's equatorial plane.                                                                                                                   Searches for 'ring arcs,' or partial rings, showed that                        Neptune's rings actually are complete, but are so diffuse and                  the material in them so fine that they could not be fully                      resolved from Earth.  The arcs are confined by the actions of                  nearby satellites.  Particle sizes are smaller than at Uranus.                                                                                                                                                                             Interstellar Mission                                                           --------------------                                                             The Voyager spacecraft are continuing to return data about                     interplanetary space and some of our stellar neighbors near                    the edges of the Solar System.  Their fields, particles, and                   waves instruments are studying the environment around them.                    In May 1993, the plasma wave experiment began picking up radio                 emissions that originate at the heliopause, the outer edge of                  our solar system, where the interstellar medium restricts the                  outward flow of the solar wind and confines it within a                        magnetic bubble called the heliosphere.  By studying the                       radio emissions, scientists now theorize the heliopause                        exists some 90 to 120 astronomical units from the Sun.                                                                                                        The Voyagers have also become space-based ultraviolet                          observatories and their unique location in the universe gives                  astronomers the best vantage point they have ever had for                      looking at celestial objects that emit ultraviolet radiation.                                                                                                 The cameras on the spacecraft have been turned off and the                     ultraviolet instrument is the only experiment on the scan                      platform that is still functioning.  Voyager scientists                        expect to continue to receive data from the ultraviolet                        spectrometers at least until the year 2000.  At that time,                     there will not be enough electrical power for the heaters to                   keep the ultraviolet instrument warm enough to operate.                                                                                                       Yet there are several other fields and particle instruments                    that can continue to send back data as long as the spacecraft                  can stay alive.  They include the cosmic ray subsystem, the                    low-energy charge particle instrument, the magnetometer, the                   plasma subsystem, the plasma wave subsystem and the planetary                  radio astronomy instrument."                                                                                                                            END_OBJECT                      = MISSION_INFORMATION                                                                                                         OBJECT                          = MISSION_HOST                                   INSTRUMENT_HOST_ID            = "VG1"                                                                                                                         OBJECT                        = MISSION_TARGET                                   TARGET_NAME                 = "ADRASTEA"                                     END_OBJECT                    = MISSION_TARGET                                                                                                                OBJECT                        = MISSION_TARGET                                   TARGET_NAME                 = "AMALTHEA"                                     END_OBJECT                    = MISSION_TARGET                                                                                                                OBJECT                        = MISSION_TARGET                                   TARGET_NAME                 = "ATLAS"                                        END_OBJECT                    = MISSION_TARGET                                                                                                                OBJECT                        = MISSION_TARGET                                   TARGET_NAME                 = "CALLISTO"                                     END_OBJECT                    = MISSION_TARGET                                                                                                                OBJECT                        = MISSION_TARGET                                   TARGET_NAME                 = "CALYPSO"                                      END_OBJECT                    = MISSION_TARGET                                                                                                                OBJECT                        = MISSION_TARGET                                   TARGET_NAME                 = "DARK"                                         END_OBJECT                    = MISSION_TARGET                                                                                                                OBJECT                        = MISSION_TARGET                                   TARGET_NAME                 = "DIONE"                                        END_OBJECT                    = MISSION_TARGET                                                                                                                OBJECT                        = MISSION_TARGET                                   TARGET_NAME                 = "DIONE B"                                      END_OBJECT                    = MISSION_TARGET                                                                                                                OBJECT                        = MISSION_TARGET                                   TARGET_NAME                 = "EARTH"                                        END_OBJECT                    = MISSION_TARGET                                                                                                                OBJECT                        = MISSION_TARGET                                   TARGET_NAME                 = "ENCELADUS"                                    END_OBJECT                    = MISSION_TARGET                                                                                                                OBJECT                        = MISSION_TARGET                                   TARGET_NAME                 = "EPIMETHEUS"                                   END_OBJECT                    = MISSION_TARGET                                                                                                                OBJECT                        = MISSION_TARGET                                   TARGET_NAME                 = "EUROPA"                                       END_OBJECT                    = MISSION_TARGET                                                                                                                OBJECT                        = MISSION_TARGET                                   TARGET_NAME                 = "GANYMEDE"                                     END_OBJECT                    = MISSION_TARGET                                                                                                                OBJECT                        = MISSION_TARGET                                   TARGET_NAME                 = "HELENE"                                       END_OBJECT                    = MISSION_TARGET                                                                                                                OBJECT                        = MISSION_TARGET                                   TARGET_NAME                 = "HYPERION"                                     END_OBJECT                    = MISSION_TARGET                                                                                                                OBJECT                        = MISSION_TARGET                                   TARGET_NAME                 = "IAPETUS"                                      END_OBJECT                    = MISSION_TARGET                                                                                                                OBJECT                        = MISSION_TARGET                                   TARGET_NAME                 = "IO"                                           END_OBJECT                    = MISSION_TARGET                                                                                                                OBJECT                        = MISSION_TARGET                                   TARGET_NAME                 = "IO PLASMA TORUS"                              END_OBJECT                    = MISSION_TARGET                                                                                                                OBJECT                        = MISSION_TARGET                                   TARGET_NAME                 = "J RINGS"                                      END_OBJECT                    = MISSION_TARGET                                                                                                                OBJECT                        = MISSION_TARGET                                   TARGET_NAME                 = "JANUS"                                        END_OBJECT                    = MISSION_TARGET                                                                                                                OBJECT                        = MISSION_TARGET                                   TARGET_NAME                 = "JUPITER"                                      END_OBJECT                    = MISSION_TARGET                                                                                                                OBJECT                        = MISSION_TARGET                                   TARGET_NAME                 = "METIS"                                        END_OBJECT                    = MISSION_TARGET                                                                                                                OBJECT                        = MISSION_TARGET                                   TARGET_NAME                 = "MIMAS"                                        END_OBJECT                    = MISSION_TARGET                                                                                                                OBJECT                        = MISSION_TARGET                                   TARGET_NAME                 = "N/A"                                          END_OBJECT                    = MISSION_TARGET                                                                                                                OBJECT                        = MISSION_TARGET                                   TARGET_NAME                 = "PANDORA"                                      END_OBJECT                    = MISSION_TARGET                                                                                                                OBJECT                        = MISSION_TARGET                                   TARGET_NAME                 = "PHOEBE"                                       END_OBJECT                    = MISSION_TARGET                                                                                                                OBJECT                        = MISSION_TARGET                                   TARGET_NAME                 = "PROMETHEUS"                                   END_OBJECT                    = MISSION_TARGET                                                                                                                OBJECT                        = MISSION_TARGET                                   TARGET_NAME                 = "RHEA"                                         END_OBJECT                    = MISSION_TARGET                                                                                                                OBJECT                        = MISSION_TARGET                                   TARGET_NAME                 = "ROCK"                                         END_OBJECT                    = MISSION_TARGET                                                                                                                OBJECT                        = MISSION_TARGET                                   TARGET_NAME                 = "S RINGS"                                      END_OBJECT                    = MISSION_TARGET                                                                                                                OBJECT                        = MISSION_TARGET                                   TARGET_NAME                 = "SATURN"                                       END_OBJECT                    = MISSION_TARGET                                                                                                                OBJECT                        = MISSION_TARGET                                   TARGET_NAME                 = "SOLAR_SYSTEM"                                 END_OBJECT                    = MISSION_TARGET                                                                                                                OBJECT                        = MISSION_TARGET                                   TARGET_NAME                 = "SUN"                                          END_OBJECT                    = MISSION_TARGET                                                                                                                OBJECT                        = MISSION_TARGET                                   TARGET_NAME                 = "SYSTEM"                                       END_OBJECT                    = MISSION_TARGET                                                                                                                OBJECT                        = MISSION_TARGET                                   TARGET_NAME                 = "TELESTO"                                      END_OBJECT                    = MISSION_TARGET                                                                                                                OBJECT                        = MISSION_TARGET                                   TARGET_NAME                 = "TETHYS"                                       END_OBJECT                    = MISSION_TARGET                                                                                                                OBJECT                        = MISSION_TARGET                                   TARGET_NAME                 = "THEBE"                                        END_OBJECT                    = MISSION_TARGET                                                                                                                OBJECT                        = MISSION_TARGET                                   TARGET_NAME                 = "TITAN"                                        END_OBJECT                    = MISSION_TARGET                                                                                                              END_OBJECT                      = MISSION_HOST                                                                                                                OBJECT                          = MISSION_HOST                                   INSTRUMENT_HOST_ID            = "VG2"                                                                                                                         OBJECT                        = MISSION_TARGET                                   TARGET_NAME                 = "1989N1"                                       END_OBJECT                    = MISSION_TARGET                                                                                                                OBJECT                        = MISSION_TARGET                                   TARGET_NAME                 = "1989N2"                                       END_OBJECT                    = MISSION_TARGET                                                                                                                OBJECT                        = MISSION_TARGET                                   TARGET_NAME                 = "ADRASTEA"                                     END_OBJECT                    = MISSION_TARGET                                                                                                                OBJECT                        = MISSION_TARGET                                   TARGET_NAME                 = "ALPHA CEN"                                    END_OBJECT                    = MISSION_TARGET                                                                                                                OBJECT                        = MISSION_TARGET                                   TARGET_NAME                 = "ALPHA LEO"                                    END_OBJECT                    = MISSION_TARGET                                                                                                                OBJECT                        = MISSION_TARGET                                   TARGET_NAME                 = "ALPHA LYR"                                    END_OBJECT                    = MISSION_TARGET                                                                                                                OBJECT                        = MISSION_TARGET                                   TARGET_NAME                 = "ALPHA PAV"                                    END_OBJECT                    = MISSION_TARGET                                                                                                                OBJECT                        = MISSION_TARGET                                   TARGET_NAME                 = "AMALTHEA"                                     END_OBJECT                    = MISSION_TARGET                                                                                                                OBJECT                        = MISSION_TARGET                                   TARGET_NAME                 = "ARIEL"                                        END_OBJECT                    = MISSION_TARGET                                                                                                                OBJECT                        = MISSION_TARGET                                   TARGET_NAME                 = "ATLAS"                                        END_OBJECT                    = MISSION_TARGET                                                                                                                OBJECT                        = MISSION_TARGET                                   TARGET_NAME                 = "BETA CEN"                                     END_OBJECT                    = MISSION_TARGET                                                                                                                OBJECT                        = MISSION_TARGET                                   TARGET_NAME                 = "BETA CMA"                                     END_OBJECT                    = MISSION_TARGET                                                                                                                OBJECT                        = MISSION_TARGET                                   TARGET_NAME                 = "CAL LAMPS"                                    END_OBJECT                    = MISSION_TARGET                                                                                                                OBJECT                        = MISSION_TARGET                                   TARGET_NAME                 = "CALLISTO"                                     END_OBJECT                    = MISSION_TARGET                                                                                                                OBJECT                        = MISSION_TARGET                                   TARGET_NAME                 = "CALYPSO"                                      END_OBJECT                    = MISSION_TARGET                                                                                                                OBJECT                        = MISSION_TARGET                                   TARGET_NAME                 = "DARK"                                         END_OBJECT                    = MISSION_TARGET                                                                                                                OBJECT                        = MISSION_TARGET                                   TARGET_NAME                 = "DARK SKY"                                     END_OBJECT                    = MISSION_TARGET                                                                                                                OBJECT                        = MISSION_TARGET                                   TARGET_NAME                 = "DIONE"                                        END_OBJECT                    = MISSION_TARGET                                                                                                                OBJECT                        = MISSION_TARGET                                   TARGET_NAME                 = "DIONE B"                                      END_OBJECT                    = MISSION_TARGET                                                                                                                OBJECT                        = MISSION_TARGET                                   TARGET_NAME                 = "EARTH"                                        END_OBJECT                    = MISSION_TARGET                                                                                                                OBJECT                        = MISSION_TARGET                                   TARGET_NAME                 = "ENCELADUS"                                    END_OBJECT                    = MISSION_TARGET                                                                                                                OBJECT                        = MISSION_TARGET                                   TARGET_NAME                 = "EPIMETHEUS"                                   END_OBJECT                    = MISSION_TARGET                                                                                                                OBJECT                        = MISSION_TARGET                                   TARGET_NAME                 = "EUROPA"                                       END_OBJECT                    = MISSION_TARGET                                                                                                                OBJECT                        = MISSION_TARGET                                   TARGET_NAME                 = "GANYMEDE"                                     END_OBJECT                    = MISSION_TARGET                                                                                                                OBJECT                        = MISSION_TARGET                                   TARGET_NAME                 = "HELENE"                                       END_OBJECT                    = MISSION_TARGET                                                                                                                OBJECT                        = MISSION_TARGET                                   TARGET_NAME                 = "HYPERION"                                     END_OBJECT                    = MISSION_TARGET                                                                                                                OBJECT                        = MISSION_TARGET                                   TARGET_NAME                 = "IAPETUS"                                      END_OBJECT                    = MISSION_TARGET                                                                                                                OBJECT                        = MISSION_TARGET                                   TARGET_NAME                 = "IO"                                           END_OBJECT                    = MISSION_TARGET                                                                                                                OBJECT                        = MISSION_TARGET                                   TARGET_NAME                 = "JANUS"                                        END_OBJECT                    = MISSION_TARGET                                                                                                                OBJECT                        = MISSION_TARGET                                   TARGET_NAME                 = "JUPITER"                                      END_OBJECT                    = MISSION_TARGET                                                                                                                OBJECT                        = MISSION_TARGET                                   TARGET_NAME                 = "METIS"                                        END_OBJECT                    = MISSION_TARGET                                                                                                                OBJECT                        = MISSION_TARGET                                   TARGET_NAME                 = "MIMAS"                                        END_OBJECT                    = MISSION_TARGET                                                                                                                OBJECT                        = MISSION_TARGET                                   TARGET_NAME                 = "MIRANDA"                                      END_OBJECT                    = MISSION_TARGET                                                                                                                OBJECT                        = MISSION_TARGET                                   TARGET_NAME                 = "N RINGS"                                      END_OBJECT                    = MISSION_TARGET                                                                                                                OBJECT                        = MISSION_TARGET                                   TARGET_NAME                 = "N/A"                                          END_OBJECT                    = MISSION_TARGET                                                                                                                OBJECT                        = MISSION_TARGET                                   TARGET_NAME                 = "NEPTUNE"                                      END_OBJECT                    = MISSION_TARGET                                                                                                                OBJECT                        = MISSION_TARGET                                   TARGET_NAME                 = "NEREID"                                       END_OBJECT                    = MISSION_TARGET                                                                                                                OBJECT                        = MISSION_TARGET                                   TARGET_NAME                 = "OBERON"                                       END_OBJECT                    = MISSION_TARGET                                                                                                                OBJECT                        = MISSION_TARGET                                   TARGET_NAME                 = "ORION"                                        END_OBJECT                    = MISSION_TARGET                                                                                                                OBJECT                        = MISSION_TARGET                                   TARGET_NAME                 = "PANDORA"                                      END_OBJECT                    = MISSION_TARGET                                                                                                                OBJECT                        = MISSION_TARGET                                   TARGET_NAME                 = "PHOEBE"                                       END_OBJECT                    = MISSION_TARGET                                                                                                                OBJECT                        = MISSION_TARGET                                   TARGET_NAME                 = "PLAQUE"                                       END_OBJECT                    = MISSION_TARGET                                                                                                                OBJECT                        = MISSION_TARGET                                   TARGET_NAME                 = "PLEIADES"                                     END_OBJECT                    = MISSION_TARGET                                                                                                                OBJECT                        = MISSION_TARGET                                   TARGET_NAME                 = "PROMETHEUS"                                   END_OBJECT                    = MISSION_TARGET                                                                                                                OBJECT                        = MISSION_TARGET                                   TARGET_NAME                 = "PUCK"                                         END_OBJECT                    = MISSION_TARGET                                                                                                                OBJECT                        = MISSION_TARGET                                   TARGET_NAME                 = "RHEA"                                         END_OBJECT                    = MISSION_TARGET                                                                                                                OBJECT                        = MISSION_TARGET                                   TARGET_NAME                 = "ROCK"                                         END_OBJECT                    = MISSION_TARGET                                                                                                                OBJECT                        = MISSION_TARGET                                   TARGET_NAME                 = "S RINGS"                                      END_OBJECT                    = MISSION_TARGET                                                                                                                OBJECT                        = MISSION_TARGET                                   TARGET_NAME                 = "SATURN"                                       END_OBJECT                    = MISSION_TARGET                                                                                                                OBJECT                        = MISSION_TARGET                                   TARGET_NAME                 = "SCAT LIGHT"                                   END_OBJECT                    = MISSION_TARGET                                                                                                                OBJECT                        = MISSION_TARGET                                   TARGET_NAME                 = "SCORPIUS"                                     END_OBJECT                    = MISSION_TARGET                                                                                                                OBJECT                        = MISSION_TARGET                                   TARGET_NAME                 = "SIGMA SGR"                                    END_OBJECT                    = MISSION_TARGET                                                                                                                OBJECT                        = MISSION_TARGET                                   TARGET_NAME                 = "SKY"                                          END_OBJECT                    = MISSION_TARGET                                                                                                                OBJECT                        = MISSION_TARGET                                   TARGET_NAME                 = "SL9"                                          END_OBJECT                    = MISSION_TARGET                                                                                                                OBJECT                        = MISSION_TARGET                                   TARGET_NAME                 = "SOLAR_SYSTEM"                                 END_OBJECT                    = MISSION_TARGET                                                                                                                OBJECT                        = MISSION_TARGET                                   TARGET_NAME                 = "STAR"                                         END_OBJECT                    = MISSION_TARGET                                                                                                                OBJECT                        = MISSION_TARGET                                   TARGET_NAME                 = "SUN"                                          END_OBJECT                    = MISSION_TARGET                                                                                                                OBJECT                        = MISSION_TARGET                                   TARGET_NAME                 = "SYSTEM"                                       END_OBJECT                    = MISSION_TARGET                                                                                                                OBJECT                        = MISSION_TARGET                                   TARGET_NAME                 = "TELESTO"                                      END_OBJECT                    = MISSION_TARGET                                                                                                                OBJECT                        = MISSION_TARGET                                   TARGET_NAME                 = "TETHYS"                                       END_OBJECT                    = MISSION_TARGET                                                                                                                OBJECT                        = MISSION_TARGET                                   TARGET_NAME                 = "THEBE"                                        END_OBJECT                    = MISSION_TARGET                                                                                                                OBJECT                        = MISSION_TARGET                                   TARGET_NAME                 = "TITAN"                                        END_OBJECT                    = MISSION_TARGET                                                                                                                OBJECT                        = MISSION_TARGET                                   TARGET_NAME                 = "TITANIA"                                      END_OBJECT                    = MISSION_TARGET                                                                                                                OBJECT                        = MISSION_TARGET                                   TARGET_NAME                 = "TRITON"                                       END_OBJECT                    = MISSION_TARGET                                                                                                                OBJECT                        = MISSION_TARGET                                   TARGET_NAME                 = "U RINGS"                                      END_OBJECT                    = MISSION_TARGET                                                                                                                OBJECT                        = MISSION_TARGET                                   TARGET_NAME                 = "UMBRIEL"                                      END_OBJECT                    = MISSION_TARGET                                                                                                                OBJECT                        = MISSION_TARGET                                   TARGET_NAME                 = "URANUS"                                       END_OBJECT                    = MISSION_TARGET                                                                                                                OBJECT                        = MISSION_TARGET                                   TARGET_NAME                 = "VEGA"                                         END_OBJECT                    = MISSION_TARGET                                                                                                              END_OBJECT                      = MISSION_HOST                                                                                                                OBJECT                          = MISSION_REFERENCE_INFORMATION                  REFERENCE_KEY_ID              = "KOHLHASE&PENZO1977"                         END_OBJECT                      = MISSION_REFERENCE_INFORMATION                                                                                               OBJECT                          = MISSION_REFERENCE_INFORMATION                  REFERENCE_KEY_ID              = "MORRISON1982"                               END_OBJECT                      = MISSION_REFERENCE_INFORMATION                                                                                               OBJECT                          = MISSION_REFERENCE_INFORMATION                  REFERENCE_KEY_ID              = "STONE&LANE1979A"                            END_OBJECT                      = MISSION_REFERENCE_INFORMATION                                                                                               OBJECT                          = MISSION_REFERENCE_INFORMATION                  REFERENCE_KEY_ID              = "STONE&LANE1979B"                            END_OBJECT                      = MISSION_REFERENCE_INFORMATION                                                                                               OBJECT                          = MISSION_REFERENCE_INFORMATION                  REFERENCE_KEY_ID              = "STONE&MINER1981"                            END_OBJECT                      = MISSION_REFERENCE_INFORMATION                                                                                               OBJECT                          = MISSION_REFERENCE_INFORMATION                  REFERENCE_KEY_ID              = "STONE&MINER1982"                            END_OBJECT                      = MISSION_REFERENCE_INFORMATION                                                                                               OBJECT                          = MISSION_REFERENCE_INFORMATION                  REFERENCE_KEY_ID              = "STONE&MINER1986"                            END_OBJECT                      = MISSION_REFERENCE_INFORMATION                                                                                               OBJECT                          = MISSION_REFERENCE_INFORMATION                  REFERENCE_KEY_ID              = "STONE&MINER1989"                            END_OBJECT                      = MISSION_REFERENCE_INFORMATION                                                                                             END_OBJECT                        = MISSION                                                                                                                   END